Biology Unit 3/4 Chapter 2

Question 1

What is a protein?

Answer 1

A biomacromolecule made of amino acid chains folded into a 3D shape

Question 2

Define polypeptide.

Answer 2

A long chain of amino acids

Question 3

What is a proteome?

Answer 3

All the proteins that are expressed by a cell or organism at a given time

Question 4

What are the elements represented by HONC?

Answer 4

Hydrogen (1), Oxygen (2), Nitrogen (3), Carbon (4)

Question 5

What determines the identity of an amino acid?

Answer 5

The R group

Question 6

What is a monomer?

Answer 6

A molecule that is the smallest building block of a polymer

Question 7

What is a polymer?

Answer 7

A large molecule made up of small, repeated monomer subunits

Question 8

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 8

A reaction where two monomers join to form a larger molecule, producing water as a by-product

Question 9

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 9

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 10

What characterizes the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 10

Polypeptide chains forming and coiling into alpha helices, beta-pleated sheets, or random coils

Question 11

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 11

The functional 3D shape of a polypeptide chain

Question 12

What defines the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 12

Two or more polypeptide chains joined together

Question 13

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 13

Polymers made out of nucleotide monomers

Question 14

Give examples of nucleic acids.

Answer 14

RNA and DNA

Question 15

What is the role of nucleic acids?

Answer 15

Store genetic information and help produce proteins required for survival

Question 16

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 16

The monomer subunit of nucleic acids

Question 17

What are phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 17

Strong covalent bonds between the pentose sugar and the nitrogenous base in nucleic acids

Question 18

Describe the structure of DNA.

Answer 18

Double-helix strand of nucleic acids running in antiparallel fashion contains thymine instead of ucrail

Question 19

Where is DNA found in eukaryotes?

Answer 19

In the nucleus

Question 20

What is a genome?

Answer 20

Complete set of DNA contained within an organism

Question 21

What is RNA?

Answer 21

Single-strand of nucleotides with one extra oxygen molecule, contains ucrail instead of thymine

Question 22

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Answer 22

Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 23

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

Answer 23

Delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome after recognizing specific nucleotide sequences on mRNA

Question 24

What does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) do?

Answer 24

Serves as the main structural component of ribosomes within cells

Question 25

What is transcription?

Answer 25

The process whereby a sequence of DNA is used as a template to produce a complementary sequence of mRNA

Question 26

What is translation?

Answer 26

The process where an mRNA sequence is read to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence to build a polypeptide

Question 27

What is a triplet in DNA?

Answer 27

The sequence of three nucleotides in DNA coding for one amino acid

Question 28

What is a codon in mRNA?

Answer 28

The sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA coding for one amino acid

Question 29

Define gene expression.

Answer 29

The process of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product, typically a protein

Question 30

What happens during RNA processing?

Answer 30

Modification of pre-mRNA into mRNA that can be used in translation

Question 31

What is the purpose of a 5’ methyl-G cap and a 3’ poly-A tail?

Answer 31

To stabilize the mRNA molecule and prevent it from degrading

Question 32

What is alternative splicing?

Answer 32

The removal and rearrangment of exons give rise to many different mRNA strands

Question 33

What is exocytosis?

Answer 33

A type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of a cell

Question 34

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 34

Synthesizes proteins

Question 35

What role does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) play?

Answer 35

Folds and transports proteins

Question 36

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 36

Modifies and packages proteins

Question 37

What is the role of secretory vesicles?

Answer 37

Transports proteins and releases them into the extracellular environment through exocytosis

Question 38

Name all functions of proteins (functional diversity)

Answer 38

- Enzymes - Transport - Structural - Hormones - Receptors - Defence - Storage - Motor - Storage

Question 39

Role of enzymes

Answer 39

Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Question 40

Role of transport

Answer 40

Typically embedded in membranes, controlling the entry and exit of substances from a cell

Question 41

Role of strcutural

Answer 41

Support cell and tissue shape

Question 42

Role of hormone

Answer 42

Many peptide hormones are chemical messengers used to communicate and induce changes in cells

Question 43

Role of receptors

Answer 43

Receive signal from the environment

Question 44

Role of defence

Answer 44

Involved in the immune system by recognising and destroying pathogens

Question 45

Role of motor

Answer 45

Involved in the contraction and movement of muscles, the movement of internal cell contents around the cytoplasm, and the movement of cilia and flagella

Question 46

Role of storage

Answer 46

Act as reserves for metal ions and other molecules throughout organisms