psychology test 2 (pt.4)

Question 1

explain positive reinforcer (operant cond.)

Answer 1

positive consequence applied after a response is made

Question 2

explain negative reinforcer (operant cond.)

Answer 2

terminal of an unpleasant condition following a response

Question 3

explain primary reinforcers (operant cond.) and give examples

Answer 3

• those that fulfill a basic physical need
  –>Water, food, sex, sleep, termination of pain

Question 4

explain secondary reinforcer (operant cond.) and give examples

Answer 4

• are acquired or learned by association with other reinforcers
  –>Money, grades, praise, social approval, attention

Question 5

explain continuous reinforcement (operant cond.)

Answer 5

• occurs when each correct response is reinforced.
• Efficient when first conditioning a new response

Question 6

explain partial reinforcement (operant cond.)

Answer 6

• occurs when correct responses are reinforced randomly or intermittently
• Better for maintaining or increasing the response
• More resistant to extinction
• More common

Question 7

what are the 5 things that influences operant conditioning?

Answer 7

1. Continuous reinforcement for fast acquisition
2. Partial reinforcement for maintenance
3. High magnitude of reinforcement
4. Immediate reinforcement
5. High motivation

Question 8

explain what Punishment is (operant cond.)

Answer 8

• Punishment: anything that follows a response, that decreases the chances the response will occur again.
• Adding a negative stimulus
• Taking away a pleasant stimulus

Question 9

what is the effectiveness of punishment (operant)

Answer 9

• Timing
  –>Fast more efficient
• Intensity
  –>If too severe, may lead to anger/aggression
• Consistency
  –>If inconsistent, behaviour will continue

Question 10

what is the outcomes of punishment (operant)

Answer 10

• Suppresses but does not extinguish problematic behaviour
• Does not help develop better behaviour
  anger/aggression
• Better to reward good behaviour than punish bad behaviour

Question 11

explain Behaviour modification and give examples

Answer 11

• changing behaviour through systematic application of conditioning methods.
• Psychotherapy (phobias, addictions) or in:
• Token economy

Question 12

explain cognitive learning

Answer 12

learning through thinking, observing, problem solving
- Not just simple associations

Question 13

explain observational learning/modeling and give an example

Answer 13

results from observing the behaviour (or emotions) of another (a model).
–>Ex: Albert Bandura: Learning aggression, the bobo doll experiment.