History Midterm (India) Flashcards
explain where and when was civilization invented independently in India?
- Along the banks of the Indus river.
- A culture with cities, writing, and an elaborate bureaucracy existed from 2400 BCE - 1900 BCE.
why did the “Indus Valley civilization” come to an end?
Northern India became too dry!
what type of society did they have
egalitarian
Later on, Indian history is marked by the arrival in Northern India of who?
the Aryan people - Originally nomadic pastoralists from central Asia.
when and what did the Aryan people bring to India?
- They bring with them their very hierarchical conception of society, their religion, and their Indo-European languages.
- They came to India by 1500 BCE.
They see the world as divided into 4 ritual classes of people: explain each.
- Gods
- Brahims (Priests/Scholars)
- Kshatriyas (Warriors/Kings)
- Vaishyas (Landworkers/Merchants)
- Sudras (Servants/peasants)
explain what the Varna system is
people are classified according to ritual purity
who is the large class at the bottom of the varna system?
the Untouchables (social rejects)
how do we know these social practices?
through the Vedic Hymns (religious songs).
what social/religious system emerged from the mix of Aryan and native Indian traditions?
Hinduism
explain Hinduism
- The sense of polytheism
- Rebirth/ reincarnation
- Worship through animal sacrifice
- Very religious orientation
- Ideal of asceticism (good to deprive yourself - because it can help you connect to the gods and things that are not on Earth)
Hinduism is a term designating the many religions of India that share basic features:
explain them.
- Polytheistic (shiva, vishnu, goddess)
- Re-incarnation (“souls” live many lives)
- The goal of religious life is to find a “liberation” from the cycle of rebirth: Nirvana.
- The universe is underpinned by a kind of universal spirit
- There is also the picture of society as a very stratified pyramid of purity.
when was Hinduism established as the dominant religious ideology of India?
1 st millenium BC
what bigger political units are able to take over parts of India?
Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire
what do large empires require to exist?
- Military expansion
- Slavery (typically accompanies the military expansion in the ancient world)
- Commercial activities of growing complexity with markets and coinage (metal money)