psychology test 2 (pt. 2)

Question 1

what are the two theories of hearing?

Answer 1

1. place theory
2. frequency theory

Question 2

Explain place theory.

Answer 2

pitch is determined by the place along the basilar membrane of the cochlea that vibrates the most (explains Med+Hi Freq)

Question 3

explain frequency theory

Answer 3

hair cells vibrate the same number of times per second as the sounds that reach them (explains Lo Freq)

Question 4

explain what figure-ground is, (gestalt principles)

Answer 4

the visual field is perceived in terms of an object (figure) standing out against a background (ground)
- one figure stands out but in ambiguous figures, one figure alternates with another

Question 5

what is Gestalts main principle of perceptual organization?

Answer 5

Our perception is the sum of our parts

Question 6

what are the 4 Gestalt principles of perceptual organization?

Answer 6

1. similarity
2. proximity
3. continuity
4. closure

Question 7

explain what perceptual constancy is and give examples.

Answer 7

• We perceive objects as maintaining stable properties (e. Size, shape), despite changes in distance, viewing angle, or lighting
  Ex:
  Size constancy
  Shape constancy
  Colour constancy

Question 8

what are the 2 depth perceptions?

Answer 8

1. Binocular depth cues
2. monocular depth cues

Question 9

explain what binocular depth cues is.

Answer 9

visual depth cues that depend on both eyes working together

Question 10

(Binocular depth cues) explain convergence

Answer 10

your eyes cross when you put your finger on your nose

Question 11

(Binocular depth cues) explain binocular disparity

Answer 11

your two eyes see the world differently but your brain puts it together.

Question 12

explain what monocular depth cues is.

Answer 12

visual depth cues perceived by one eye alone.

Question 13

what are the 2 ways to process information?

Answer 13

1. bottom-up processing
2. top-down processing

Question 14

explain bottom-up processing

Answer 14

begins with individual components of a stimulus that are detected by the sensory receptors.

Question 15

explain top-down processing.

Answer 15

past experience and knowledge influence our perception.

Question 16

explain the brain’s way of paying attention and filtering info.

Answer 16

Process of filtering out some information while selecting other information for further processing.
- Your brain filters out the things that aren’t important so that you can understand things better and grow your knowledge.

Question 17

what is “learning”?

Answer 17

A relatively permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, capability, or attitude acquired through experience.

Question 18

what are the 3 forms of learning?

Answer 18

1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
3. observational conditioning

Question 19

explain the behaviorism theory

Answer 19

The study of observable behaviour, and the relationship between stimulus and response.

Question 20

name the each person who was involved with each of the 3 types of learning.

Answer 20

-Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning)
- John B. Watson (classical conditioning
- B. F. Skinner (operant conditioning)