psychology test 2 (pt.3)

Question 1

define classical conditioning and what experiment it correlates to.

Answer 1

• created by ivan pavlov
• Classical conditioning is earning in which an association is formed between one stimulus and another.
• A stimulus = any event or object in the environment
• experiment where you are conditioning the dog with the bell and food rewards.

Question 2

what is a neutral stimulus?

Answer 2

A stimulus that does not produce a response when presented.

Question 3

what is a Unconditioned stimulus? and give examples.

Answer 3

A stimulus that automatically produces a response (without learning)
Ex: food, light in the eye, loud noises

Question 4

what is a unconditioned response and give examples.

Answer 4

Automatic unlearned response made to the US. Ex: salivation, pupil contraction, startle

Question 5

what is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 5

previously NS that, after repeated pairings with an US, produces same response that follows the US

Question 6

what is a conditioned response

Answer 6

the learned response made to the CS

Question 7

what are some terms that are related to classical conditioning?

Answer 7

1. Extinction
2. spontaneous recovery
3. Generalisation
4. discrimination

Question 8

explain Extinction (classical conditioning)

Answer 8

the weakening (and eventual disappearance) of a learned response that occurs when CS is repeatedly presented without US

Question 9

explain spontaneous recover (classical conditioning)

Answer 9

sometimes occurs when, after extinction, the CS is presented and the CR reappears.

Question 10

explain generalisation (classical conditioning)

Answer 10

occurs when a stimulus, similar to the CS, elicits the CR

Question 11

explain discrimination (classical conditioning)

Answer 11

has occurred when the CR is made only to the CS and not to similar stimuli.

Question 12

Explain the experiment conditioning little Albert

Answer 12

• 1919: John Watson conditioned baby Albert to fear a white rat.
• Generalisation: little Albert also learned to fear other things that resembled the white rat (eg. a rabbit).
  –> Fear can be conditioned

Question 13

what are the factors that influence classical conditioning? the CR is stronger when:

Answer 13

• More CS - US pairings
• US more intense
• CS reliably predicts US
• CS must precede the US

Question 14

what are some examples of classical conditioning in real life?

Answer 14

• Taste aversion
• Fears and phobias (animals, dentists)
• Commercials
  –>Ads associate neutral products (eg. car) with pleasant stimuli (eg. pretty girls)
• Sexual arousal and clothing
  –>Read the story about rats in jackets

Question 15

who is related to operant conditioning?

Answer 15

B.F. Skinner

Question 16

explain what operant conditioning is

Answer 16

• Learning in which consequences of behaviour modify a future response:
• Rewards increase a response
• Punishment decreases it
• Conditioning of voluntary responses

Question 17

(Operant conditioning) what is the reinforcer? and give examples

Answer 17

• anything that follows a response that increases the chances the response will occur again.
  –>Food, sex, $$, social approval

Question 18

(operant conditioning) what is shaping? and give examples

Answer 18

• Reinforcing or rewarding successive approximations of the desired response.
  —->Eg. training animals

Question 19

explain the skinner box lab

Answer 19

Operant conditioning apparatus: eg. a box with a lever/bar that the animal presses to get a reward.

Question 20

explain extinction (operant cond.)

Answer 20

occurs in operant conditioning when reinforcement is withheld.

Question 21

explain generalization (operant cond.)

Answer 21

response to similar stimuli

Question 22

explain discrimination (operant cond.)

Answer 22

animal responds to one reinforcer but not other similar ones