Psychology Peeps

Question 1

Edwin Sutherland

Answer 1

Differential association. Deviance is a learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities

Question 2

Howard Becker

Answer 2

Labeling theory. Deviance is the result of society’s response to a person rather than something inherent in the person’s actions. Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 3

Robert Merton

Answer 3

Structural strain theory. Deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural. Individuals experience social strain because existing social structures are inadequate, there is pressure to use deviant methods to prevent failure.

Question 4

Herbert Blumer

Answer 4

A sociologist whose ideas were foundational in the understanding of collective behavior. Involved with social interactionism. He identified four main forms of collective behavior:

1. Crowds
2. Publics
3. Masses
4. Social movements

Question 5

Max Weber

Answer 5

Outlined characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy.

Also, agreed with Karl Marx that inequalities in a capitalist system would lead to conflict, but he did not believe that collapse of capitalism was inevitable; rather, he argued that there could be more than one source of conflict, such as conflict over inequalities in political power and social status. Weber also argued that there were several factors that moderated people’s reaction to inequality, such as agreement with authority figures, high rates of social mobility, and low rates of class difference.

Question 6

Emile Durkheim

Answer 6

The father of sociology and was a major proponent of functionalism and believed that modern societies were more complex than primitive societies. Complex societies involved many different but interdependent parts working together to maintain stability, a type of dynamic equilibrium.

Question 7

Karl Marx

Answer 7

Closely identified with conflict theory. He looked at the economic conflict between different social classes. Marx argued that societies progress through class struggle between those who own and control production and those who labor and provide the manpower for production. He believed that capitalism produced internal tensions that would ultimately lead to self-destruction of capitalist society, to be replaced by socialism.

Question 8

Ludwig Gumplowicz

Answer 8

Expanded upon Karl Marx’ ideas by proposing that society is shaped by war and conquest, and that cultural and ethnic conflicts lead to certain groups becoming dominant over other groups.

Question 9

Name the 3 founding fathers of sociology.

Answer 9

1. Emile Durkheim
2. Karl Marx
3. Max Weber

Question 10

George Herbert Mead

Answer 10

His work on social behaviorism influenced symbolic interactionism, which examines the relationship between individuals and society by focusing on communication. Social behaviorism is the mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others.

Question 11

Carl Rogers

Answer 11

Founder of the humanistic psychology perspective, pioneered a unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships. According to Rogers, personality is composed of the real and ideal self and the difference between the two is known as incongruence

Question 12

Charles Horton Cooley

Answer 12

The idea of the looking-glass self, which is the idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perceptions of others. Based on this idea, people shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them. Symbolic interactionism.

Question 13

Solomon Asch

Answer 13

Did the experiment involving which of these 3 lines are similar to this one and the confederates chose the wrong one causing the participant to choose the wrong one

Question 14

Stanley Milgram

Answer 14

Did the experiment involving participants shocking the confederate with increasing voltage

Question 15

Sigmund Freud

Answer 15

Composed the drive theory, which is based on physical stress and generally function for self-preservation or helping kin. Pent-up stress transforms into aggression when triggered by certain stimuli.

Question 16

Carl-Gustav Jung

Answer 16

Student of Freud. Composed the concepts of introverted and extroverted. His theories are characterized by terms, such as complex and collective unconscious. Believed the core personality is not only formed by libido (=sexual desire).

Question 17

Philip Zambardo

Answer 17

Stanford prison experiment

Question 18

Albert Bandura

Answer 18

Bobo doll experiment

Question 19

B.F. Skinner

Answer 19

Operant conditioning. Do things intentionally with an understanding of its outcome.

Question 20

Raymond Cattell

Answer 20

Identified 16 surface traits and reduced 15 of them into 5 global factors (source traits)

Question 21

McCrae and Costa

Answer 21

Described the Five-Factor Model

Question 22

Hans Eysenck

Answer 22

Proposed that a person’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation (which mediates arousal and consciousness)

Question 23

Jeffrey Alan Gray

Answer 23

Proposed that personality is governed by interactions among three brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli

Question 24

C. Robert Cloninger

Answer 24

Linked personality to brain systems involved with reward, motivation, and punishment

Question 25

Abraham Maslow

Answer 25

Sought to explain human behavior by creating a hierarchy of needs

Question 26

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 26

Well known for her studies on infant attachment and identifying different types of bonds between mothers and their children

Question 27

John B. Watson

Answer 27

Little Albert experiment that was concerned with classical conditioning.

Question 28

Paul Eckman

Answer 28

Discovered the six basic emotions found universally across all human cultures