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PSYCHOLOGY CH 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Self-concept/Self-identity

A

The sum of an individual’s knowledge and understanding of his or herself

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2
Q

Self-consciousness

A

Awareness of one’s self

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3
Q

Self-schema

A

The beliefs and ideas people have about themselves

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4
Q

Name the 9 different characteristics

A 
(A DRESSING) 
age
disability status
religion
ethnicity/race
sexual orientation
socioeconomic status
indigenous background
national origin
gender
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5
Q

(Gender/Sex), which is biologically determined and which is socially constructed?

A

Gender ~ Socially constructed

Sex ~ Biologically constructed

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6
Q

Personal identity

A

One’s own sense of personal attributes

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7
Q

Social identity

A

Social definitions of who you are

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8
Q

Self-reference effect

A

The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

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9
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Founder of the humanistic psychology perspective, pioneered a unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships. He says personality is composed of the ideal self and the ideal self and when the real self falls short of the ideal self, the result is incongruity.

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10
Q

Ideal self

A

Constructed out of your life experiences, social expectations, and the things you admire about role models.

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11
Q

Incongruity

A

When the real self falls short of the ideal self

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12
Q

Self-efficacy

A

A belief in one’s own competence and effectiveness

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13
Q

Locus of control

A

Can be internal or external.
Internal - Believe they are able to influence outcomes through their own efforts and actions
External - Perceive outcomes as controlled by outside forces

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14
Q

Self-esteem

A

One’s overall self-evaluation of one’s self-worth

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15
Q

Identity formation/Individuation

A

The development of a distinct individual personality

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16
Q

According to Erikson, the particular stage relevant to identity formation takes place during ______ (roughly ages __ to __ ): the __________ stage.

A

adolescence (ages 12-20): the “Identity versus Role Confusion” stage.

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17
Q

Charles Cooley

A

Posited the idea of the looking-glass self

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18
Q

Looking-glass self

A

The idea that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perceptions of others. According to this idea, people shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them. The looking-glass self begins at an early age and continues throughout life; we never stop modifying it unless all social interactions cease.

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19
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

Derived the idea of social behaviorism. Mead believed that there is a specific path to development of the self. During the prepatory stage, children merely imitate others, as they have no concepts of how others see things. In the play stage, children take on the roles of others through playing. During the game stage, children learn to consider multiple roles simultaneously, and can understand the responsibilities of multiple roles. Mead also characterized the “me” and the “I” (the generalized other).

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20
Q

Social behaviorism

A

The mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others

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21
Q

Socialization

A

The process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society

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22
Q

Feral children

A

These children are individuals who were not raised with human care or contact.

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23
Q

Norms

A

Spoken or unspoken rules and expectations for the behavior in a society

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24
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms

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25
Formal norms
Generally written down; laws are examples of formal norms
26
Informal norms
Generally understood but are less precise and often carry no specific punishment
27
Mores
Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and so are often strictly enforced
28
Folkways
Norms that are less important but shape every day behavior
29
Assimilation
The process in which an an individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture
30
Amalgamation
When majority and minority groups combine to form a new group
31
Multiculturalism or pluralism
A perspective that endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions. Promotes the idea of cultures coming together in a true melting pot
32
Subculture
A segment of society that shares a distinct pattern of traditions and values that differs from that of the larger society
33
Attribution theory
Attempts to explain how individuals view behavior, both our own behavior and the behavior of others. Given a set of circumstances, individuals attribute behavior to internal causes (dispositional attribution) or external causes (situational attribution)
34
List 3 factors that influence whether someone will make a dispositional attribution or situational attribution.
1. Consistency 2. Distinctiveness 3. Consensus
35
Fundamental attribution error
We tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of a person's character or personality
36
Actor-observer bias
The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities
37
Self-serving bias
The tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and our failures to others or the external environment
38
Optimism bias
The belief that bad things happen to other people, but not to us
39
Just world phenomenon
A tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve
40
Halo effect
A tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures, rather than looking at individual characteristics
41
Physical attractiveness stereotype
A specific type of halo effect; people tend to rate attractive individuals more favorably for personality traits and characteristics than they do those who are less attractive
42
Western cultures influence people toward more _______ attributions while Eastern Asian cultures influence people more toward _______ attribution.
Internal and External
43
Social perception
The understanding of others in our social world; it is the initial information we process about other people in order to try to understand their mindsets and intentions
44
Social cognition
The ability of the brain to store and process information regarding social perception
45
False consensus
Occurs when we assume that everyone else agrees with what we do
46
Projection bias
When we assume others have the same beleifs we do
47
Stereotype
Over simplified ideas about groups of people
48
Prejudice
The thoughts, attitudes, and feelings someone holds about a group that are not based on actual experience
49
Discrimination
Involves acting a certain way toward a group
50
Reverse discrimination
Discriminating against the majority
51
Racism
Prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race, or hold that one race is inferior to another
52
Institutional discrimination
Unjust and discriminatory practices employed by large organizations that have been codified into operating procedures, processes, or institutional objectives.
53
Scapegoats
Unfortunate people at whom displaced aggression is directed.
54
Illusory correlation
A perceived relationship between two things (people, events, or behaviors), even when none exists (ex. black people being good at sports)
55
Aggregate
People who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity
56
Category
People who share similar characteristics but are not otherwise tied together
57
Primary groups
Play more important roles in an individual's life, serving expressive functions
58
Secondary group
Larger and more impersonal than primary groups, and may interact for specific reasons for shorter periods of time. Serve instrumental functions.
59
Expressive functions
Emotional needs
60
Instrumental functions
Pragmatic needs
61
Reference group
Standard measure that people compare themselves to (ex. peers who are also studying for the MCAT)
62
Social facilitation effect
People tend to perform simple, well-learned tasks better when other people are present
63
Deindividuation
People lose their sense of restraint and their individual identity in exchange for identifying with a group or mob
64
Kitty Genovese case
When a woman was murdered and had been crying for help but all the neighbors thought someone else would call 911 (discovered the bystander effect)
65
Social loafing
The tendency for people to exert less effort if they are being evaluated as a group
66
Group polarization
Groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members--that is, the average view of a member of the group is accentuated
67
Informational influence
In group discussion, the most common ideas to emerge are the ones that favor the dominant viewpoint. This serves to persuade others to take a stronger stance toward this viewpoint and provides an opportunity to rehearse and validate these similar opinions, further strengthening them.
68
Normative influence
When the motivation for compliance is a desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection
69
Social comparison
Evaluating our opinions by comparing them to those of others
70
Groupthink
A state of harmony within a group because everyone is seemingly in a state of agreement
71
Mindguarding
Some members of the group prevent dissenting opinions from permeating the group by filtering out information and facts that go against the beliefs of the group
72
Deviance
Violation of society's standards of conduct or expectations
73
Stigma
Demeaning labels
74
Solomon Asch
Did the experiment involving which of these 3 lines are similar to this one and the confederates chose the wrong one causing the participant to choose the wrong one
75
Confederate
People who are part of the experiment acting as participants
76
Conformity
Adjusting behavior or thinking based on the behavior of thinking of others
77
Stanley Milgram
Did the experiment involving participants shocking the confederate with increasing voltage
78
Normative social influence
When the motivation for compliance is a desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection
79
Informational social influence
The process of complying because w want to do the right thing and we feel like others "know something I don't know"
80
Name the 6 factors that influence conformity
1. Group size 2. Unanimity 3. Cohesion 4. Status. Higher status people have stronger influence on opinions 5. Accountability. People tend to conform when they must respond in front of others 6. No prior commitment
81
Social roles
Expectations for people of a given social status
82
Role conflict
When there is conflict in society's expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person
83
Role strain
When a single status results in conflicting expectations
84
Role exit
Disengaging from a role that has become closely tied to one's self-identity to take on another
85
Social network
A web of social relationships, including those in which a person is directly linked to others as well as those in which people are indirectly connected through others
86
Organizations
More impersonal groups that come together to pursue particular activities and meet goals efficiently
87
Name the 3 types of organizations
1. Utilitarian 2. Normative 3. Coercive
88
Utilitarian organization
Those in which members get paid for their efforts, such as a business
89
Normative organization
Motivate membership based on morally relevant goals
90
Coercive organization
Those for which members do not have a choice in joining
91
Empathy
The ability to idenity with others' emotions
92
Impression management/Self-presentation
The conscious or unconscious process whereby people attempt to manage their own images by influencing the perceptions of others
93
Self-handicapping
A strategy in which people create obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when they do poorly
94
Dramaturgical perspective
Stems from symbolic interactionism and posits that we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with others
95
Warning colors
Bright colors that are meant to advertise to predators than an organism is toxic or noxious
96
Mimicry
The close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object
97
Pheromones
Chemical messengers employed within a given species
98
Mere exposure effect
People prefer repeated exposure to the same stimuli
99
Frustration-aggression principle
When someone is blocked from achieving a goal, this frustration can trigger anger, which can lead to aggression
100
Social support
Close relationships are predictive of health outcomes
101
Foraging
Search for an exploitation of food resources by animals
102
Inclusive fitness
The number of offspring an organism has, how it supports its offspring, and how its offspring support others in a group
103
Game theory
Used to try and predict large, complex systems

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