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Drugs and Behavior > Psychology of Drug Use & Abuse > Flashcards

Psychology of Drug Use & Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

drugs use & addiction are

A

learned
learning is a permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

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2
Q

when you take a drug repeatedly

A

you learn how to administer it
your body gets better at processing it (tolerance)
your body starts to anticipate delivery of the drug & prepare for it (craving & withdrawal)

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3
Q

tolerance

A

decreased effectiveness or potency of a drug after repeated exposure
the need to use larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effects as when you first took it

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4
Q

effects of tolerance on your body

A

you don’t tolerate all the effects of a given drug at the same rate
E.g. morphine- nausea & vomiting-tolerance occurs very quickly, constriction of pupils- no tolerance

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5
Q

63 BCE- Mithridates V1 (King of Pontus)

A

He had been defeated by Pompey of Rome
His son had also just led a successful campaign against him
He tried to take his own life by ingesting poison- but it didn’t work

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6
Q

the king had spent his life afraid of being poisoned

A

throughout his life, he took increasing doses of well known poisons
his body learned how to metabolize the drugs

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7
Q

cross-tolerance

A

sometimes tolerance to one drug will diminish the effect of another drug
usually occurs between the same class of drug

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8
Q

opioid drugs & cross tolerance

A

all opioid drugs show cross-tolerance
if you develop a tolerance to heroin, you will also have tolerance to oxycodone & morphine
suggests these drugs are producing their effects by common mechanisms

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9
Q

pharmacokinetic tolerance

A

occurs as the body becomes more efficient at metabolizing a drug
fewer drug molecules reach their sites of action
increase of enzymes the body uses to break down the drug
drug does not reach the same peak levels & doesn’t last as long

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10
Q

when you experience pharmacokinetic tolerance

A

all effects of the drug are diminished

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11
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

physiological tolerance or cellular tolerance
arise from adjustments made by the body to compensate for effects of continued presence of a drug

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12
Q

result of pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

the body trying to maintain homeostasis

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13
Q

when a person first ingests a drug the body…

A

detects the drug and the effects on homeostasis- often the hypothalamus
responds by compensating to restore normal functioning
over time- the body gets better at restoring normal functioning

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14
Q

when you take a break from using a particular drug…

A

the compensatory process weakens

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15
Q

behavioral tolerance

A

you learn to function while impaired on a drug
the drug has less on an impact on your behavior
A Dr. with. an alcohol use disorder can still perform surgery
a person addicted to marijuana can still get a good grade on an exam
a mom with an addiction to valium can still react in an emergency

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16
Q

for tolerance to develop->

A

the influences of the drug need to be significant to the animal
ex. pain

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17
Q

ex. pain in tolerance and functional disturbances

A

unpleasant but really useful for survival
tolerance to morphine develops much faster when rats experience pain following injection

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18
Q

tolerance and functional disturbances

A

tolerance develops (or develops quickly) only when a drug places a demand on homeostasis
drug effects that aren’t detected (or don’t disrupt function)- don’t generate tolerance

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19
Q

withdrawal

A

physiological and psychological changes that occur when drug use stops
can be quite mild or quite intense (can cause death)
expressions of compensatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

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20
Q

withdrawal occurs because

A

the body “expects” delivery of a drug
starts to compensate to maintain homeostasis
BUT the drug is not delivered

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21
Q

withdrawal vs. toxic effects

A

there is a difference between withdrawal (compensatory effects) and toxic effects of the drug (hangover)

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22
Q

when you feel sick after a night out of excessive drinking

A

many of these effects are the result of toxic effects
dehydration & stomach irritation

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23
Q

after taking a large amount of cocaine- people often experience a “letdown”

A

period of depression as the body returns to homeostasis
compensatory response

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24
Q

dependence

A

when stopping a drug triggers withdrawal
people can experience withdrawal symptoms even when they do not take a drug compulsively

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25
Q

non dependence

A

some people can take a drug compulsively, but will not necessarily experience withdrawal when they stop
often substance specific
social smokers/social drinkers

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26
Q

tolerance and withdrawal

A

people can become quite tolerant of a drug, and fail to show withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking the drug
many people develop a tolerance to alcohol but do not show withdrawal
also more likely to happen when rate of elimination of the drug from the body is slow etc. THC (marijuana)

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27
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning that one thing predicts another thing

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28
Q

conditioned (conditional)

A

learned (no responding)

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29
Q

unconditioned

A

not learned (already responding to)

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30
Q

stimulus

A

noun/thing

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31
Q

response

A

verb/behavior

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32
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a thing I don’t have to teach you about
you will naturally make an unconditioned response

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33
Q

conditioned

A

the thing you learn
conditioned stimulus
neutral at the beginning of training
after training, you make a conditioned response
conditioned response (CR) often looks similar to the unconditioned response (UR)

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34
Q

Pavlov & drug use

A

apomorphine (short acting dopamine agonist)
in healthy dogs= restlessness, salvate, feel/act like its going to vomit

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35
Q

Pavlov gave the dogs the drug and waited a few minutes

A

just as the drug took effect, he played a tone (sound)
after several trials, the sound alone produced symptoms of the drugs (less intense)

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36
Q

CS

A

stimulus that predicts the US is coming
ex.the needle that is providing the heroin

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37
Q

CS in drug use

A

often the objects used to administer the drug/locations where drugs have been administered
cigarette lighters, bongs, needles, pill bottles, sight of the drug (cigarettes, cocaine, marijuana…)
exposure to these objects act as CS and predict the delivery of US

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38
Q

US in drug use

A

the drug itself

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39
Q

UR

A

unconditioned response (UR) to the presence of the drug= drug effects
alcohol= UR is intoxication
marijuana= UR is high
cocaine= UR is mania/grandiosity

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40
Q

CR

A

compensatory response- getting ready for the drug
the body compensating for the drug
often the opposite response

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41
Q

UR & CR with drug use

A

CR & UR can look very different
often- when presented with a CS
the CR is compensation for the drug

42
Q

morphine example- what is CS, US, UR, CR?

A

ex. needle (CS)-> morphine (US)-> euphoria/resistance to pain (UR)
UR to morphine= analgesia (decreased responsiveness to pain)
CR to needle= hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain)

43
Q

conditioned tolerance

A

your body learns to tolerate the drug

44
Q

Siegel (1975)

A

conditioned tolerance to morphine

45
Q

analgesia

A

decreased responsiveness to pain

46
Q

hyperalgesia

A

increased sensitivity to pain

47
Q

paw lick latency test

A

put animal on a hot plate (uncomfortable- but not dangerous)
measure how long until the animal licks its paws

48
Q

longer latency=

A

more analgesia (longer time until the need to lick their paws)

49
Q

conditional tolerance in Humans

A

alcohol
a familiar drink (beer) compared to same dose of alcohol in a different drink (wine) or a drink that doesn’t usually contain alcohol (juice)
will produce more impairment when it is consumed in an unusual location (office) vs familiar (bar)
or an odd time of day (5 AM- at Purdue Breakfast club)

50
Q

Siegel (1982)

A

on 30 consecutive days- rats were injected with placebo or heroin (on alternating days)
group 1: heroin w/ white noise in room A and a placebo in colony room
group 2: counter balance of group 1
group 3: injected on alternating days, in either room- but only with placebo

51
Q

test phase

A

all three groups were given a large dose of heroin (15 mg/kg)
similarly/different/control

52
Q

similarly tested group

A

heroin in the room where they usually received heroin

53
Q

different tested group

A

heroin in the placebo room

54
Q

control

A

was given heroin in either room

55
Q

results

A

control group
different room group
same room group

56
Q

control group

A

96% died of overdose
this dose was toxic to non tolerant animals

57
Q

different room group

A

64% showed overdose

58
Q

same room group

A

32% overdose

59
Q

room as the CS

A

animals given the HIGH dose in the same room where they usually received the drug experienced conditioned tolerance
animals in the different room- did not compensate as well

60
Q

learning- CS-US

A

in general- learning occurs faster when there is a short delay between the presentation of the CS and the presentation of the US
drugs are often more addictive when the effects (US) reach the brain more quickly following administration (CS)

61
Q

administrative routes and speed of drug absorption

A

intravenous- hits blood stream immediately
inhalation
intramuscular
transdermal
orally

62
Q

stimulus properties of drugs

A

state-dependent learning
shock-avoidance-escape experiments

63
Q

state dependent learning

A

can a drug influence your ability to remember (or not) specific information?
overton

64
Q

shock-avoidance-escape experiments

A

animals are placed at the bottom of the T
choose either R/L arm when they get to the top
if they choose incorrectly- receive a small shock

65
Q

overton

A

administered pentobarbital (a mild barbiturate)
trained animals to avoid shock
animals could not avoid shock when given a placebo- & vice versa

66
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

the stimulus that informs your behavior
Overton et al. administered pentobarbital & saline on alternating days
on drug days one response (eg left)= safety
on saline days. the opposite response (right)= safety
animals quickly learned to make a response depending on if they were drugged

67
Q

craving, relapse, and withdrawal

A

you are exposed to a CS but do not get drug delivery
the case of California Do-Gooders
heroin-poster caused heroin relapse to increase

68
Q

former addicts often experience withdrawal when

A

they go to places where they used to use
they see people they used to use with
they see/hear/smell things that remind them of the drug

69
Q

relapse can happen even when

A

the used is no longer dependent on the drug
withdrawal symptoms will go away after repeated exposure to CS without the US (extinction)
compensatory response

70
Q

extinction of drug use

A

presenting the CS without the US
responding to the CS declines over time
BUT- the information is not “forgotten” or “unlearned”
when CS is presented alone (repeatedly)- the compensatory response weakens… but…

71
Q

reinstatement of drug use

A

what happens during relapse?
CS+US
response is often quite strong initially
often take a large quantity of the drug
often feel the effects- you are not compensating anymore
overdose is possible
use resumes

72
Q

sensitization

A

reverse tolerance
when repeated exposure makes you more sensitive to a stimulus

73
Q

it is possible for certain effects of a drug to increase with repeated exposure

A

administer low doses of a drug (cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, alcohol, opioids..)- you can observe an “activating effect” (short term change in behavior)
with repeated doses there is an increase in these behaviors
at high doses=stereotyped behavior- invariable, repetitive movements, with no purpose- occurring for a prolonged period of time

74
Q

Chippy stopped drinking for the summer while she was home from college. She went through the effects of withdrawal and when she came back to school she drank again after being exposed to the same stimulus but drank the same amount as she normally did. This time she gets really sick and suffers from alcohol poisoning. This is known as?

A

reinstatement

75
Q

Operant conditioning of drug effects

A

Pavlovian/classical conditioning
Operant/instrumental conditioning

76
Q

Pavlovian/classical conditioning

A

you learn that CS signals the US
you do not have to “choose” to act
sound of a lighter (CS)-> cigarette (nicotine) (US)

77
Q

Operant/instrumental conditioning

A

animal must behave to receive a consequence
learn the relationship between behavior and consequences

78
Q

reinforcement

A

increases the likelihood of a target behavior occurring again

79
Q

punishment

A

decreases the likelihood of a target behavior occurring again

80
Q

positive

A

does not mean good- means addition (adding something to the environment)

81
Q

negative

A

does not mean bad- taking something away (removing stimulus from environment)

82
Q

escape and avoid

A

negative reinforcement
dog jumping over to the other side of the crate when it is shocked on one side

83
Q

positive reinforcement

A

taking heroin (Behavior) and getting the high (consequence)

84
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking and aspirin (behavior) to get rid of a headache (consequence)

85
Q

positive punishment

A

drinking too much (behavior) makes you sick (consequence)

86
Q

negative punishment

A

throwing out your drugs (behavior) makes you ill (consequence)

87
Q

drug addiction when people first start taking a drug

A

it is usually because of the positively reinforcing effects of the drug
the high, social rewards, physical abilities

88
Q

drug addiction once dependence sets in

A

you take the drug, in part, to avoid the effects of withdrawal
negative reinforcement

89
Q

neuroscience of reward & addiction

A

meet the mesolimbocortical dopamine system
the brain’s reward system
begins in the midbrain (mesencephalon)
projects to the limbic system & prefrontal cortex

90
Q

mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

initiates in the ventral tegmental area
the medial forebrain bundle (mesolimbic dopa pathway)
nucleus accumbens

91
Q

dopamine & reward

A

virtually all abused drugs increase dopamine levels in Nucleus Accumbens (NA)
opiates, barbiturates, alcohol, THC, PCP, MDMA, nicotine, caffeine

92
Q

the paradox of dopamine & drug use

A

PET scans reveal that chronic drug users have diminished dopamine release & # of receptors

93
Q

Volkow (2004)

A

Ss Non-drug users were given a low dose of a stimulant (Ritalin)
those who had the most enjoyment- also had low numbers of the D2 receptors
those who had the highest number of receptors- found the drug unpleasant

94
Q

survival related information (food/sex) increases dopamine in the NA (50-100%)

A

many drugs (and electrical stimulation) can increase dopamine 3-6 fold in NA

95
Q

animals will press a lever for a release of dopamine in NA

A

will stop lever pressing if they are given a dopamine antagonist

96
Q

drugs (and EBS) delivered to the NA (or medial forebrain bundle) when animal presses lever

A

1000s of presses/hour
ignore food/water/potential mates

97
Q

reward deficiency syndrome (hypothesis)

A

it is probable that lowered dopamine receptors
life is less rewarding general for these individuals
drugs elevate the level of perceived reward

98
Q

experimental support: Thanos 2001

A

trained rats to self administer alcohol
inserted a gene that increased D2 in the NA
as receptors increased, rats reduced alcohol intake

99
Q

prolonged drug use leads to

A

measurable changes in brain function & structure

100
Q

chronic amphetamine use

A

increased dendrite length & complexity in the NA and prefrontal cortex

101
Q

prolonged drug use results in

A

reduced dopamine activity & deactivation of prefrontal cortex

102
Q

frontal dysfunction

A

leads to trouble controlling behaviors, weighing reward/consequence- making it harder to control your own behavior

Drugs and Behavior (9 decks)

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