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Drugs and Behavior > Neural Communication > Flashcards

Neural Communication Flashcards

1
Q

electrical from dendrite to

A

terminal

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2
Q

chemical from terminal to

A

dendrite

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3
Q

when the cell is at rest

A

slight negative charge
resting potential
membrane potential

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4
Q

at rest- intracellular fluid

A

around -70mV
K+ & organic anions

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5
Q

at rest- positive charge

A

Na+ & Cl-

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6
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

regulate the exchange of sodium (into the cell) and potassium (gets pushed out)

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7
Q

ions

A

molecules with a charge
want to be evenly distributed

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8
Q

cell membrane keeps

A

Na+ & Cl- out of the cell
A- & K+ inside the cell

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9
Q

sodium potassium pump allows

A

Na+ & K+ to travel into & out of the cell

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10
Q

when the neuron is stimulated

A

ion channels open
Na+ rushes into the cell because of electrostatic pressure
depolarization

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11
Q

depolarization

A

sodium ion channels open
Na+ rushes into the cell
charge becomes less negative
later K+ channels also open- - K+ leaves the cell

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12
Q

action potential

A

the cell fires- sending a signal down the axon
starts at the hillock

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13
Q

repolarization

A

Na+ pushed OUT of cell
K+ continues to leave
charge becomes more negative

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14
Q

hyperpolarization (refractory)

A

K+ are retrieved from extracellular fluid
cell returns to resting state

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15
Q

cerebral neurons work differently

A

many fire continuously- even without input

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16
Q

action potentials of different cells vary in:

A

amplitude
duration
frequency

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17
Q

many neurons have no

A

axons (or action potentials)

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18
Q

dendrites of some cerebral neurons

A

conduct action potentials

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19
Q

language between neurons

A

chemical
neurotransmitters

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20
Q

binding site

A

a neurotransmitter will fit into a postsynaptic receptor like a key into a lock

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21
Q

ligand

A

a chemical that fits a binding site of a receptor

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22
Q

agonists

A

enhances the effects of NT on the postsynaptic cell

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23
Q

antagonists

A

inhibits NT effects on the postsynaptic cell

24
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A

can be either depolarizing (excitatory) or hyperpolarizing (inhibitory)
this is not determined by the NT- but by the receptor site (the kind of ion channel they open)
both are caused by the release of NT from a nearby terminal button

25
Q

sodium-potassium channel

A

ion specific (just one kind)
Na+ channels & K+ channels
Electrostatic pressure and diffusion

26
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

transport different kinds of ions in opposite directions across cell membranes
have a 3:2 ratio of Na+ & K+
active transport proteins (ATP)

27
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

an excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

28
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

an inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

29
Q

termination of postsynaptic potentials

A

reuptake
enzymatic deactivation

30
Q

reuptake

A

the NT is reabsorbed by the terminal button
moved by transporter molecules

31
Q

enzymatic deactivation

A

an enzyme destroys the molecules of the NT

32
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

receptors are couple to ion channels
when the ion binds to the receptor, it causes the channel to open

33
Q

sometimes…

A

receptor opens a channel that causes (+) charged particles to enter
more likely to have an action potential (excitatory)

34
Q

other times…

A

receptors open ion channels that make (-) charged ions to enter the cell
more difficult to produce an action potential (inhibitory)

35
Q

metabotropic

A

slow receptors (delayed by milliseconds)
can be long lasting
they are not tied to an ion channel
the activation/release of G proteins

36
Q

effects of G proteins

A

can act like an ionotropic receptor
can initiate synthesis of AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
second messengers

37
Q

neurochemical mechanisms of drug action

A

drug effects can operate on the nervous system in a variety of ways

38
Q

neurotransmitter synthesis

A

increase or decrease the synthesis of neurotransmitters

39
Q

neurotransmitter transport

A

interfere with the transport of neurotransmitter molecules to the axon terminals

40
Q

neurotransmitter storage

A

interfere with the storage of neurotransmitters in the vesicles of the axon terminal

41
Q

neurotransmitter release

A

cause the axon terminals to release neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse prematurely

42
Q

neurotransmitter degradation

A

influence the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes

43
Q

neurotransmitter reuptake

A

block the reuptake of neurotransmitters into the axon terminals

44
Q

receptor activation

A

activate a receptor site by mimicking a neurotransmitter

45
Q

receptor blocking

A

cause a receptor to become inactive by blocking it

46
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

highly involved in sensory systems and motor movement
generally excitatory

47
Q

acetylcholine receptors

A

binds to more than one type of receptor
nicotine (agonist)- only binds to particular receptors

48
Q

many NTs bind to ____ than one receptor type

A

MORE

49
Q

monoamines

A

norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin

50
Q

norepinephrine

A

regulates hunger, alertness & arousal

51
Q

dopamine

A

L-dopa (able to pass through blood-brain barrier)
coordinated motor movements
anticipation of pleasurable experiences

52
Q

serotonin

A

found throughout the brain (and gut)
implicated in sleep & mood

53
Q

90% of serotonin receptors are in the

A

gut

54
Q

amino acid NTs

A

GABA
glutamate

55
Q

GABA

A

one of the most abundant in the brain
the most significant inhibitory NT (generally)
causes the cells to hyperpolarize
when a GABAergic receptor site is active- it takes more excitatory NT to get the cell to depolarize (fire)
barbiturates and tranquilizers act on GABA

56
Q

glutamate

A

major excitatory NT
learning & memory
drugs like ketamine & PCP act on glutamate receptors

Drugs and Behavior (9 decks)

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