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Drugs and Behavior > Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

hallucinogens

A

includes a wide variety of different substances and compounds

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2
Q

hallucinogens are drugs that alter

A

perception, conscious awareness, mood, thinking processes & physiology

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3
Q

perception

A

sensory disturbances

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4
Q

more than 90 different of these produce these kinds of effects

A

different plant species and more synthetic agents

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5
Q

serotonergic hallucinogens examples

A

LSD, mescaline (peyote), psilocybin (mushrooms)

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6
Q

serotonergic hallucinogens influence in the brain

A

influence serotonergic transmission in the brain
all bind to 5-HT2A- serotonin receptor
vivid visual hallucinations
alleviate signs of depression, PTSD, OCD

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7
Q

methylated amphetamines examples

A

structurally like amphetamines
MDA & MDMA

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8
Q

methylated amphetamines influence on the brain

A

produce changes in mood and consciousness
few sensory changes- no vivid hallucinations
act on dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin synapses
do NOT bind to 5-HT2A

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9
Q

anticholinergic hallucinogens examples

A

less familiar than most
mandrake, henbane, belladonna, jimsonweed

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10
Q

anticholinergic hallucinogens influence on the brain

A

produce a dream-like trance
users often have no memory of the experience
antagonists of acetylcholine
muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

phencyclidine examples

A

PCP (angel dust), ketamine
dissociative anesthetics

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12
Q

dissociative anesthetics

A

produces surgical anesthesia while patient remains semiconscious
thought to act on glutamate- excitatory neurotransmitter

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13
Q

salvinorin

A

kappa hallucinogen
salvia divinorum
generally not well understood
seems to act on opiate receptors/kappa receptors

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14
Q

serotonergic hallucinogens

A

often used by indigenous peoples of Central & South America & different groups across Africa
frequently used in religious ceremonies
all produce vivid visual hallucinations
drugs entered mainstream European & American culture in the 1960s

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15
Q

Albert Hofmann

A

discovered LSD in 1938
Hofmann was studying derivatives of ergot (fungus that infests grain & causes disease)
ergot derivatives = several medical uses

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16
Q

medical uses of ergot derivatives

A

treatment of migraines & uterine contractions during pregnancy

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17
Q

synthesized lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)

A

no obvious medical properties
1943 Hofmann spilled a small amount on his hand and it was absorbed
led him to studying the effects

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18
Q

psychotherapy and LSD

A

based on Hofmann’s experiences- LSD was distributed by Sandoz for use during psychotherapy
argued that the drug would break down a person’s ego
used on people like Cary Grant- “it changed my whole life”
most influential users: Timothy Leary (Harvard psychologist) & Ken Kesey (writer)

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19
Q

Leary & LSD

A

over time- ernest experiments on the potential uses of LSD transformed into parties with faculty, students & celebrities
Leary became a leader of a religious movement- called himself the “high priest”
LSD is the way to spiritual enlightenment
left Harvard in 1963

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20
Q

Ken Kesey & LSD

A

wrote One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest
hosted large parties with 100s of people in California
LSD began to make an impact on Hippie culture
started to influence music- Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix (acid rock)

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21
Q

LSD in the 60s

A

by 1960- LSD was the most controversial drug in the world
over 2 million people in the US had tried it
negative publicity- will cause chromosome damage, causes insanity, suicide, acts of violence, homicidal behavior
led to a dramatic decrease in use by 1980

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22
Q

LSD in the 90s

A

hallucinogenic use decreased through the 1980s
started to make a comeback in the 1990s
1996- 8.8% of high schoolers reported using LSD
interest in other hallucinogens grew and generally replaced LSD
2016- 4.3% of high school seniors had used
MDMA use- 2.7%

23
Q

mechanisms of action of serotonergic hallucinogens

A

related to the functions of serotonin
LSD, psilocybin and several others have chemical structures that resemble serotonin
generally accepted that these hallucinogens = serotonin agents
mescaline does not work with this theory

24
Q

Mescaline

A

much more closely resembles amphetamine
but this is problematic because… mescaline also produces vivid visual hallucinations
shows cross-tolerance with LSD

25
Q

pharmacokinetics of LSD-like drugs

A

all of these seem to work on serotonin receptors (5-HT2A)
drugs in this class vary in potency, duration, etc.

26
Q

pharmacokinetics of LSD

A

most potent
25 micrograms can produce effects through oral administration
is rapidly absorbed
effects are felt 20-60 min after consumption
often persist 8-12 hours

27
Q

psilocybin

A

dosing more difficult
typically 5-10 grams are taken
lasts 4-6 hours

28
Q

mescaline

A

normally taken orally 5-20 “buttons”
is about 1/3000 as potent as LSD
duration 10-14 hours

29
Q

psychotherapeutic uses

A

currently a group @ Johns Hopkins working with psilocybin- moderate doses with advanced stage cancer- reduced anxiety and depression
benefits with alcohol and nicotine SUDs
mechanisms are not well understood- needs to be administered by a therapist

30
Q

common parts of a trip

A

vivid visual hallucinations
synesthesia
bizarre cognitive experiences
mood alterations
experiences of “magical” thinking

31
Q

vivid visual hallucinations

A

spiral explosions and vortex patterns
among the most frequently reported experiences
also reported under specific medical conditions
migraine headaches

32
Q

synesthesia

A

the fusing of the senses
a sound might have a particular color

33
Q

experiences of “magical” thinking

A

insights, enlightenment
can experience frightening things
panic or paranoia
can increase risk of harm to self or others
often long lasting increases in sense of well-being

34
Q

negative effects associated with LSD

A

being exposed to a drug without knowing it
flashbacks
long-term psychosis

35
Q

being exposed to a drug without knowing it

A

makes bad trips more likely

36
Q

flashbacks

A

reexperiencing some portion of the trip that occurred much earlier
usually visual disturbance
usually precipitated by stress or fatigue

37
Q

long-term psychosis

A

doesn’t seem to be causally linked- BUT
may exacerbate other problems
may interact with other drugs
may make it more likely that predisposed people experience psychosis

38
Q

methylated amphetamines

A

MDMA (ex. ecstasy)

39
Q

MDMA origin

A

started as a drug w/ psychotherapy benefits
1990s- club drug, 1996= 4.6% of HS seniors had used it
2001= 9.2%

40
Q

MDMA, MDA and MDE

A

more similar to amphetamine in their effects
legal until 1985
produce few-> no visual hallucinations
mild euphoria, openness, feeling of warmth and empathy, love drug, lack of defensiveness- considered more like empathogens than hallucinogens

41
Q

effects of methylated amphetamines

A

usually taken orally- can be injected or snorted
absorbed rapidly- 6-8 hours
MDMA release
sympathomimetic effects

42
Q

MDMA release

A

increases release of monoamines but specifically serotonin
also blocks reuptake of serotonin and dopamine- to a lesser extent

43
Q

sympathomimetic effects of MDMA

A

increase HR, BP, pupil dilation, body temp, increased muscle tension, teeth grinding- bruxism, decreased appetite, insomnia
MDMA more reinforcing than amphetamines, users prefer it compared to other amphetamines

44
Q

toxicity of MDMA

A

toxic effects include: dehydration, heatstroke, heat exhaustion, muscle breakdown, kidney failure, stroke, seizures
can occur even with relatively low doses- unclear if b/c of MDMA or additives

45
Q

residual effects of MDMA

A

brain damage?
Ricaurte 1985
researchers have found that MDMA does seem to reduction in serotonergic function
some evidence that the system recovers after period of absence

46
Q

Ricaurte 1985

A

after several administrations- rats have depletion of serotonin
caused by degradation of serotonergic neuron terminals
replicated in many species- including primates
one large dose 20mg or small doses 5mg over consecutive days

47
Q

psychotherapeutic uses of MDMA

A

enhances communicative ability and empathy- decreases defensiveness
used therapeutically- client is on drug while physically in therapy
PTSD- openness felt because drug leads them to discuss things they normally would not
Mithoefer- found therapeutic benefits at 2 year follow up

48
Q

dissociative anesthetic hallucinogens

A

phenylcyclidine- PCP
ketamine

49
Q

phenylcyclidine- PCP

A

1956- general tranquilizing effects
left animals conscious but no feeling of pain- tranquilizer in vet practices
in humans- hyperexcitability, delirium, visual disturbances
emerged as a street drug in 1970s
1980s- 20% high school seniors used it
1990s- use dropped to 3%
2016- less than 1.3%

50
Q

ketamine

A

often included among club drugs
snorted, injected, oral, smoked
started as horse tranquilizer
Hopfer- over 18% of clients in treatment for substance abuse used ketamine- one of the most popular street drugs

51
Q

effects of PCP and ketamine moderate doses

A

1-10 mg
feeling of euphoria and numbness
general motor discoordination
users may be catatonic or hyperactive

52
Q

effects of ketamine and PCP larger doses

A

hallucinations- feelings that different body parts and shrinking/growing- K hole
paranoia and sometimes violence that lasts for several days

53
Q

effects of ketamine and PCP long term

A

long term cognitive impairments
far more likely- compared to LSD- create psychotic symptoms

54
Q

dissociative anesthetic hallucinogens

A

psychotherapeutic uses
ketamine and depression
single dose of ketamine may improve unrelenting depressive symptoms within hours- results are brief, few days
allows for other drugs and psychotherapy to work- buying therapist time

Drugs and Behavior (9 decks)

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