Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Drugs and Behavior > Introduction to Drugs and Behavior > Flashcards

Introduction to Drugs and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

drug use

A

many animals (humans and others) ingest substances that change the way the mind and body work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of how drugs affect mood, perception, thinking or behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that affect mood perception, thinking, and/or behavior by acting on the nervous system ex. cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who cares?

A

many people in this room
recreational drug use (misuse)
drug use to treat psychological disorders/difficulties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

recreational drug use (misuse)

A

impacts on behavior and function
in many cases, person is by definition a criminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

drug use to treat psychological disorders/difficulties

A

How do psychological drugs work?
How do they change/alter the subjective experience of the person using?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

statistics

A

lots of people use drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who is a psychopharmacologist? (PsychoPharm)

A

medical practitioners
researchers
behavioral pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

medical practitioners

A

psychiatrists- prescribe drugs as part of treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

researchers

A

study the effects of psychoactive drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

behavioral pharmacology

A

Subfield of Applied Behavioral Analysis
Drugs= stimulus from the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance, other than food, that when ingested/administered, alters the way the mind/body works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

administered drug

A

not produced naturally by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter produced by the body- not a drug
substance given by a psychiatrist to treat auditory hallucinations- is a drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

psychoactive drugs instrumental use

A

using a drug for a specific purpose
usually occurs with psychotropic drugs
drugs used for treating mental disorders
can also be non-medical
drinking coffee to “wake-up”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

psychoactive drugs recreational use

A

using a drug to experience its effects (for “fun”)
drinking alcohol to get a “buzz”
drug misuse- drugs that are meant to be used instrumentally- that are used recreationally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s in a name?

A

Nearly all therapeutic drugs have a generic name and (at least one) brand name
brand name: trademarked name
generic name: non-propriatary name that indicates
- classification for a drug
- distinguishes it from other drugs in a class
ex. tylenol (brand name) vs. acetaminophen (generic name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

generic names

A

tell you about the class of a drug
ex. chlorpromazine vs. clozapine vs. olanzapine
all 3 drugs end in “a” followed by a consonant and the suffix “ine”
drugs with “apine” or “azine” in their names= antipsychotics
this also tells us something about the chemical structure of the drug
INE suffix= amine chemical in their structure
this isn’t always true- but ideally the generic name tells us a bit about the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chemical name

A

details the drug’s chemical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

“street names”

A

usually for recreational drugs..
benign sounding words-
keeps others from understanding what is going on
ex. MDMA= Adam
sometimes the effect of the drugs
ex. MDMA= ecstasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

doses

A

dose= amount of drug/body weight
in experimental settings- we may give an animal 1.0 g/kg
- avg lab rat weights 500 gs
- dose= 0.5 g
for OTC drugs (over the counter)
- drugs assume an avg adult’s body weight
- take 1-2 tabs every 4-6 hours
- this has created a lot of controversy in medical research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dose-effect curves

A

shows the effects of drug affected by dose
different drugs produce different responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lower doses

A

weaker responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

higher doses

A

stronger responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is EC50?

A

the value at which “50 percent” of an effect was observed
can be other values
measure of potency of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

potency

A

amount of drug used to produce a certain level of effect
the drug is considered “higher potency” when it takes a smaller amount to reach EC50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

toxic dose

A

the dose that causes unacceptable adverse effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

TD

A

the point at which 50% of subjects experienced toxic effects of a drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

therapeutic index

A

ratio of drug’s toxic dose-effect curve relative to the therapeutic dose-effect curve value
any drug is going to have adverse effects
how do we determine if the therapeutic effects of a drug outweigh the toxic effects?

30
Q

therapeutic index graph

A

distance between toxic and therapeutic doses
ratio of TD:ED
divide TD by ED
how different is a dose that causes toxic effects in 1/2 Ss from a dose that produces therapeutic effects in 1/2 Ss

31
Q

Ss

A

subject or participant

32
Q

certain safety index

A

calculated by dividing a TD1 (1 percent) by the dose that achieved ED99
this is a more conservative estimate
the FDA requires safe therapeutic indexes for approved drugs
not every drug has a large therapeutic index

33
Q

lithium (bipolar disorder)

A

the lethal dose is very close to the therapeutic dose
often people using these drugs are closely monitored for toxic effects

34
Q

when 2+2=5

A

when you take more than one drug- they may influence each other

35
Q

additive effects

A

the magnitude of the combined drug effect (Drug A+ Drug B) is the sum of each drug’s effect alone
Drug A increases systolic blood pressure (BP) 5% and Drug B increases BP by 10%
A+B increases BP by 15%

36
Q

synergistic drug effects

A

the magnitude of the combined drug effect is greater than Drug A+B
E.g. Advil (ibuprofen) + Tylenol (acetaminophen) = more pain relief
2+2=5

37
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the physiological & biochemical reactions of drugs
cannabis makes you feel euphoric and makes eyes red
mind and body

38
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how drugs pass through the body
administration (how do you take it?)
duration of effect
how does it enter the brain?

39
Q

why is heroin more addictive than morphine?

A

gets through the blood brain barrier- the semi-permeable barrier at the molecular level- brain does not know that heroin is potentially dangerous

40
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

the study of how genetic differences influence a drug’s influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects
helps to provide the basis of differences in drug responsiveness may affect how that drug affects the nervous system, is processed by the body

41
Q

pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics

A

some genes make people more susceptible to using a drug

42
Q

pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics example

A

30% of population has cannabis use disorder
Gene on chromosome 8 (controls levels of gene CHRNA2)
Low levels of this gene expression in the cerebellum = associated with cannabis use disorder & diagnosis at an earlier age. (NIDA. (2019, January 14))
BUT- genes don’t “make” you addicted.

43
Q

pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics

A

fast metabolizer vs. slow metabolizer
based on genetic make-up (not tolerance/learning)

44
Q

fast metabolizer

A

people whose bodies break down drugs faster than “normal”
results: less drug in the system and weaker drug effects
can be measured through blood samples

45
Q

slow metabolizer

A

bodies break down compounds much more slowly
can lead to toxic effects

46
Q

objective effects

A

The effects that can be observed by others (and replicated)
E.g. heart rate increase when you take cocaine

47
Q

subjective effects

A

how a person feels while using a specific drug
often more useful than objective effects
measured by individual surveys based personal feelings

48
Q

need to know subjective experience if:

A

use the drug for therapy
does it make an anxious person less anxious?
might be used recreationally
does this drug feel good?
measures of the body would be objective, therapeutic effects would be subjective

49
Q

observational studies

A

measures behavior as it naturally occurs

50
Q

correlational studies

A

do changes to one variable predict changes to another variable
collect 2 data points for each Ss
do some math and get a number

51
Q

number will tell you 2 things

A

strength of the relationship (1.0-strong->0.01 weak)
direction of the relationship (+/-)
Ex. relationship between # of times you have a Ss used MDMA and the number of items remembered from a word list
-1.0 strong negative relationship
0 weak
+1.0 strong positive relationship

52
Q

experimental studies

A

independent variable (IV)- at least 2 versions (factors)
experimental manipulation & control
dependent variable (DV)- what you are measuring or counting
How do changes to the IV lead to changes in DV

53
Q

How do to you manage people’s expectations?

A

when people are given a pill, they know they receive a pill
sometimes- thinking something is real can lead to you behaving like it’s real
- think about a bump in the night, fake needles

54
Q

you want your control group & experimental group to be as similar as possible, SO

A

equate expectations between groups
placebo= fake treatment
If you are treating Disorder X with a new drug… Group A gets the drug, Group B gets placebo
If Group A gets better and B does not - results are likely due to the drug.

55
Q

single blind procedure

A

Ss don’t know which condition they are in (treatment or placebo)
Prevents biased responses
Told about possible consequences of using the experimental drug and that they may receive a placebo

56
Q

double blind procedure

A

neither they Ss OR the experimenter (explicitly) know which condition participants are in
ensures all groups are treated equally

57
Q

open label

A

not a blind procedure
it can be unethical to withhold a specific drug/treatment and give placebo instead
E.g. cancer, severe mental illness, etc.

58
Q

internal validity

A

adequacy of controlling variables that may influence a dependent variable
participants unknowing what the study is about- if they learned it was a placebo it would be a threat

59
Q

external validity

A

ability to extend findings beyond study conditions
represent large populations- only studying a small group that should be applied to the whole population

60
Q

face validity

A

test appears to measure what a researcher considers it to measure
measuring heart rate to predict cardiovascular health

61
Q

construct validity

A

how well a study’s findings relate to the underlying theory of a study’s objectives
results matching theory
hippocampus involved in memory study- getting rid of hippocampus to see an affect on memory
theory must be involved
relating question of variables to what you’re actually testing
serotonin based on instagram usage- wouldn’t use snapchat- variables involved

62
Q

predictive validity

A

ability of model to predict treatment effects
ability to predict how you will react to a drug/situation in study
if you know a subject well can you predict how they will react

63
Q

stage 1: what to treat?

A

this is an economic decision
How much research is available?
How many people are affected by this disease/problem?
Will this treatment “pay-off”/make a profit

64
Q

stage 2

A

chemists develop experimental compounds

65
Q

stage 3

A

test compounds developed in stage 2 with biological models
e.g. how well does this bond to tissue?
prefer to use “high throughput screening methods”

66
Q

high throughput screening methods**

A

rapid testing using a large number of experimental drugs
provide quick results and determine if experimental drug=desired effects
chemists then refine and test again- hopefully getting closer to desired effects

67
Q

stage 4

A

shift to highly focused screening methods
much slower- but offer greater precision about effects
use models that have face, construct, or predictive validity- often include animal models

68
Q

stage 5 - safety pharmacology

A

identify drugs’ toxic effects- can include physiological and psychological
is TD significantly higher than Therapeutic dose?

69
Q

phase 1 of clinical trials

A

looking for adverse effects
low dose to healthy population

70
Q

phase 2 of clinical trials

A

find preferred population (higher dose and short period)
early short term effects of drug

71
Q

phase 3 of clinical trials

A

longer term trials (varying dose, given long term)

72
Q

phase 4 of clinical trials

A

FDA approved drug now on market (dose based on phase 3)
participants with disorder to be treated

Drugs and Behavior (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions