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Drugs and Behavior > Cocaine, Amphetamines, & Stimulants > Flashcards

Cocaine, Amphetamines, & Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

stimulants

A

heighten mood
increase alertness
decrease fatigue
grandiosity
risk can feel more rewarding

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2
Q

controlled stimulants

A

cocaine, amphetamines, ritalin & adderall

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3
Q

the coca leaf

A

South America (Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, & Peru)
indigenous populations in these regions chewed the coca leaf
religious, medical & social uses….

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4
Q

Spanish conquistadors arrived in S. American during the 16th century

A

took control over access to the coca leaf
used the coca leaf to “pay” enslaved incas- believed it made them work harder & longer
at this time- the Spanish were devout Catholics- considered it a vice, discouraged European use

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5
Q

Coca goes to Europe!

A

As European naturalists started to explore S. America they began to study its properties

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6
Q

Developed Cocaine

A

in the 1850s European scientists were able to isolate the active agent in coca
scientists began looking for therapists & medical uses

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7
Q

Freud

A

he has become well known for several contributions to psychology
many of his first writings were on cocaine

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8
Q

“On coca” - cocaine is a treatment for…

A

local anesthetic, treatment for depression, indigestion, asthma, neuroses, syphilis, morphine addiction, & alcoholism
also considered it an aphrodisiac

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9
Q

the “first” documented addiction to cocaine

A

Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow- friend of Freud
physician- investigated electrical activity of nerves & brain
became addicted to morphine due to chronic pain

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10
Q

Freud suggested Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow use cocaine to treat his addiction to morphine

A

it worked- sort of
tolerance formed quickly (1g/day habit)
began to exhibit bizarre behavior- paranoid delusions, formication syndrome- feels like bugs are crawling on/under your skin

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11
Q

The ragin’ 18(80s)!

A

Cocaine was widely available

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12
Q

physicians prescribed cocaine

A

revolutionized surgery
available in OTC medicines- Coca wine, coca-cola

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13
Q

popular culture surrounding cocaine

A

Sherlock Holmes
Jekyll & Hyde was written while Stevenson was using cocaine for tuberculosis

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14
Q

other famous users of cocaine

A

Thomas Edison, Jules Verne, Czar Nicholas of Russia, & President Ulysses Grant

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15
Q

the letdown of cocaine

A

by end of 18th century
cocaine psychosis
overdose deaths
dependency
beliefs and attitudes began to shift- 1914 Harrison Narcotic Act

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16
Q

ephedra sinica (shrub)

A

used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 5000 years

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17
Q

ephedrine

A

natural compound derived from Ephedra sinica (1885)

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18
Q

researchers of Ephedrine

A

Chen & Schmidt
found that ephedrine was highly similar to epinephrine
stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system
originally used to treat asthma- was more stable than epinephrine

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19
Q

Gideon Alles

A

1927- Los Angeles chemist
less expensive and easier to manufacture than ephedrine

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20
Q

Lazar Edeleanu

A

(Romanian chemist)
1887- synthesized what is now know as amphetamine

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21
Q

amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine

A

synthetics

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22
Q

amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine medical uses (1920s)

A

cold & sinus problems
obesity
narcolepsy
pep pill
were used by soldiers on both side of WW2
also have a high potential for abuse…

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23
Q

symptoms of prolonged use (cocaine & amphetamine)

A

suppress appetite
prevent sleep
people can go days without food or sleep- “speed freaks”
formication symptoms (speed bugs)

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24
Q

stimulant psychosis

A

paranoid delusions & disorientation
similar to the + symptoms of schizophrenia

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25
cocaine 2: the champagne of stimulants
1970s- cocaine became a "prestige" drug used by celebrities, pro athletes, and the wealthy usually administered- in small doses, intranasally, seemed* to create fewer problems compared to intravenous use
26
crack
1986 free-based cocaine
27
free-based cocaine
cocaine is heated until it vaporizes inhaled short duration (10-20 min)- but intense high- more pleasurable than IV injections the low is equally intense
28
long term use of cocaine causes
paranoia anger anxiety/panic deep depression convulsions hallucinations
29
the war on drugs: crack vs cocaine
just say no!- drug used= by definition is a criminal
30
crack was cheaper
poor communities African American & Latinx communities
31
huge disparities in sentencing
1988 (possession) 500 gs of cocaine=minimum 5 years 5gs of crack= minimum 5 years this was in place until the Fair Sentencing Act until 2010.
32
methamphetamine manufactured
started on the West Coast & Hawaii in the early 1990s by 2005 labs were common on the East Coast Although use rates are in decline- still a problem in many pockets of the country
33
long term meth use, heavy use=
seizures/convulsions cardiovascular collapse paranoia (can be accompanied by violent behavior) deterioration of teeth formication, skin sores extreme weight loss
34
faces of meth project
see the effect that long term drug use has on a person
35
methods of administration matters
intranasally- 10-15 minutes intravenous injection- 30 seconds crack or crystal meth are smoked- onset is even faster
36
one important difference between cocaine & amphetamine- duration
cocaine is metabolized rapidly (20-80 minutes) amphetamines- effects last 4-12 hours
37
pharmacokinetics of stimulants
both drugs affect the monoamine neurotransmitters block reuptake of dopamine, norephinephrine & serotonin
38
amphetamine also increases the release of
dopamine & norepinephrine don't just block the reuptake but increase the release
39
because reuptake is blocked
long term effects of stimulant use= depletion of monoamines cocaine blues= users may find that it is difficult to experience pleasure- depletion of dopamine
40
One of the key differences between cocaine and amphetamines is that
cocaine is metabolized more rapidly and shorter duration of effect compared to amphetamines.
41
One proposed reason that gay and bisexual men are at an increased risk of methamphetamine addiction is because
the persistent belief that it will enhance sexual abilities & it is a popular party drug
42
pharmacodynamics: cocaine
differences in CNS and PNS
43
pharmacodynamics of cocaine in PNS
powerful local anesthetic causes inhibition and numbness to local nerves no longer used for surgery (but derivatives are used)
44
pharmacodynamics of cocaine in CNS
powerful psychostimulant highly reinforcing increases synaptic action of dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin blocks reuptake, also acts as an agonist at the receptor - can change amount of NT released
45
both cocaine & amphetamines hijack the
Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway chemically activate the reward system
46
cocaine in the Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
blocks transporter reuptake of the monoamines
47
more monoamines in the Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
NTs keep binding to the receptors & stimulate the mechanisms
48
pharmacodynamics: amphetamines
blocks and reverses transporter reuptake of monoamines blocks enzymes that degrade monoamines blocks transporter that fills vesicles with monoamines LOTS more NT in the synaptic cleft for a longer period of time
49
the physiological effects of many stimulants are very similar
stimulants increase in suppression of appetite
50
stimulants are
sympathomimetic drugs mimic activity of sympathetic nervous system
51
stimulants cause an increase in
heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, blood flow to large muscle groups & brain
52
stimulants cause the suppression of appetite
anorectic effects this is one of the reasons that these drugs were prescribed for weight loss didn't work in the long term- tolerance
53
effects at low-moderate doses
behavioral effects enhance physical performance on a variety of tasks cognitive performance sexual prowess
54
behavioral effects of stimulants
feelings of elation, increase talkativeness, alertness, & arousal insomnia
55
stimulants enhance physical performance on a variety of tasks
physical endurance, increase in strength increase resistance to boredom & fatigue study drugs
56
cognitive performance with stimulants
speed up performance on several cognitive tasks (speed-accuracy trade off) seem to impair ability to learn complex concepts
57
sexual prowess with stimulants
increase desire (in some users) - but decreased performance :(
58
acute effects of stimulants at high doses
psychotic states stimulant induced psychosis increased risk of overdose
59
psychotic states of stimulants
paranoid delusions are most common symptoms compulsive stereotyped behavior- rocking, hair pulling, chain smoking, fidgeting with things
60
stimulant induced psychosis
can be treated with antipsychotics
61
significantly increased risk of overdose of stimulants
convulsions, seizures, respiratory collapse, heart attack
62
prenatal exposure to stimulants
crack babies women who take stimulants while pregnant children whose mothers took stimulants (while pregnant)
63
women who take stimulants while pregnant
higher risk of: fetal death, miscarriage, premature labor
64
children whose mothers took stimulants (while pregnant)
lower birth weight, abnormal arousal, seizure & startle response all seem to be short lived (when controlling for other maternal factors) intellectual deficits - from the environment continues after birth- seem to endure (in part, the result of the environment)
65
formication syndrome
the feeling like bugs crawling under your skin

Drugs and Behavior (9 decks)

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