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Drugs and Behavior > Cocaine, Amphetamines, & Stimulants > Flashcards

Cocaine, Amphetamines, & Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

stimulants

A

heighten mood
increase alertness
decrease fatigue
grandiosity
risk can feel more rewarding

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2
Q

controlled stimulants

A

cocaine, amphetamines, ritalin & adderall

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3
Q

the coca leaf

A

South America (Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, & Peru)
indigenous populations in these regions chewed the coca leaf
religious, medical & social uses….

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4
Q

Spanish conquistadors arrived in S. American during the 16th century

A

took control over access to the coca leaf
used the coca leaf to “pay” enslaved incas- believed it made them work harder & longer
at this time- the Spanish were devout Catholics- considered it a vice, discouraged European use

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5
Q

Coca goes to Europe!

A

As European naturalists started to explore S. America they began to study its properties

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6
Q

Developed Cocaine

A

in the 1850s European scientists were able to isolate the active agent in coca
scientists began looking for therapists & medical uses

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7
Q

Freud

A

he has become well known for several contributions to psychology
many of his first writings were on cocaine

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8
Q

“On coca” - cocaine is a treatment for…

A

local anesthetic, treatment for depression, indigestion, asthma, neuroses, syphilis, morphine addiction, & alcoholism
also considered it an aphrodisiac

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9
Q

the “first” documented addiction to cocaine

A

Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow- friend of Freud
physician- investigated electrical activity of nerves & brain
became addicted to morphine due to chronic pain

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10
Q

Freud suggested Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow use cocaine to treat his addiction to morphine

A

it worked- sort of
tolerance formed quickly (1g/day habit)
began to exhibit bizarre behavior- paranoid delusions, formication syndrome- feels like bugs are crawling on/under your skin

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11
Q

The ragin’ 18(80s)!

A

Cocaine was widely available

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12
Q

physicians prescribed cocaine

A

revolutionized surgery
available in OTC medicines- Coca wine, coca-cola

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13
Q

popular culture surrounding cocaine

A

Sherlock Holmes
Jekyll & Hyde was written while Stevenson was using cocaine for tuberculosis

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14
Q

other famous users of cocaine

A

Thomas Edison, Jules Verne, Czar Nicholas of Russia, & President Ulysses Grant

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15
Q

the letdown of cocaine

A

by end of 18th century
cocaine psychosis
overdose deaths
dependency
beliefs and attitudes began to shift- 1914 Harrison Narcotic Act

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16
Q

ephedra sinica (shrub)

A

used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 5000 years

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17
Q

ephedrine

A

natural compound derived from Ephedra sinica (1885)

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18
Q

researchers of Ephedrine

A

Chen & Schmidt
found that ephedrine was highly similar to epinephrine
stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system
originally used to treat asthma- was more stable than epinephrine

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19
Q

Gideon Alles

A

1927- Los Angeles chemist
less expensive and easier to manufacture than ephedrine

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20
Q

Lazar Edeleanu

A

(Romanian chemist)
1887- synthesized what is now know as amphetamine

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21
Q

amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine

A

synthetics

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22
Q

amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine medical uses (1920s)

A

cold & sinus problems
obesity
narcolepsy
pep pill
were used by soldiers on both side of WW2
also have a high potential for abuse…

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23
Q

symptoms of prolonged use (cocaine & amphetamine)

A

suppress appetite
prevent sleep
people can go days without food or sleep- “speed freaks”
formication symptoms (speed bugs)

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24
Q

stimulant psychosis

A

paranoid delusions & disorientation
similar to the + symptoms of schizophrenia

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25
Q

cocaine 2: the champagne of stimulants

A

1970s- cocaine became a “prestige” drug
used by celebrities, pro athletes, and the wealthy
usually administered- in small doses, intranasally, seemed* to create fewer problems compared to intravenous use

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26
Q

crack

A

1986
free-based cocaine

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27
Q

free-based cocaine

A

cocaine is heated until it vaporizes
inhaled
short duration (10-20 min)- but intense high- more pleasurable than IV injections
the low is equally intense

28
Q

long term use of cocaine causes

A

paranoia
anger
anxiety/panic
deep depression
convulsions
hallucinations

29
Q

the war on drugs: crack vs cocaine

A

just say no!- drug used= by definition is a criminal

30
Q

crack was cheaper

A

poor communities
African American & Latinx communities

31
Q

huge disparities in sentencing

A

1988 (possession)
500 gs of cocaine=minimum 5 years
5gs of crack= minimum 5 years
this was in place until the Fair Sentencing Act until 2010.

32
Q

methamphetamine manufactured

A

started on the West Coast & Hawaii in the early 1990s
by 2005 labs were common on the East Coast
Although use rates are in decline- still a problem in many pockets of the country

33
Q

long term meth use, heavy use=

A

seizures/convulsions
cardiovascular collapse
paranoia (can be accompanied by violent behavior)
deterioration of teeth
formication, skin sores
extreme weight loss

34
Q

faces of meth project

A

see the effect that long term drug use has on a person

35
Q

methods of administration matters

A

intranasally- 10-15 minutes
intravenous injection- 30 seconds
crack or crystal meth are smoked- onset is even faster

36
Q

one important difference between cocaine & amphetamine- duration

A

cocaine is metabolized rapidly (20-80 minutes)
amphetamines- effects last 4-12 hours

37
Q

pharmacokinetics of stimulants

A

both drugs affect the monoamine neurotransmitters
block reuptake of dopamine, norephinephrine & serotonin

38
Q

amphetamine also increases the release of

A

dopamine & norepinephrine
don’t just block the reuptake but increase the release

39
Q

because reuptake is blocked

A

long term effects of stimulant use= depletion of monoamines
cocaine blues= users may find that it is difficult to experience pleasure- depletion of dopamine

40
Q

One of the key differences between cocaine and amphetamines is that

A

cocaine is metabolized more rapidly and shorter duration of effect compared to amphetamines.

41
Q

One proposed reason that gay and bisexual men are at an increased risk of methamphetamine addiction is because

A

the persistent belief that it will enhance sexual abilities & it is a popular party drug

42
Q

pharmacodynamics: cocaine

A

differences in CNS and PNS

43
Q

pharmacodynamics of cocaine in PNS

A

powerful local anesthetic
causes inhibition and numbness to local nerves
no longer used for surgery (but derivatives are used)

44
Q

pharmacodynamics of cocaine in CNS

A

powerful psychostimulant
highly reinforcing
increases synaptic action of dopamine, norepinephrine & serotonin
blocks reuptake, also acts as an agonist at the receptor - can change amount of NT released

45
Q

both cocaine & amphetamines hijack the

A

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
chemically activate the reward system

46
Q

cocaine in the Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

blocks transporter reuptake of the monoamines

47
Q

more monoamines in the Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

NTs keep binding to the receptors & stimulate the mechanisms

48
Q

pharmacodynamics: amphetamines

A

blocks and reverses transporter reuptake of monoamines
blocks enzymes that degrade monoamines
blocks transporter that fills vesicles with monoamines
LOTS more NT in the synaptic cleft for a longer period of time

49
Q

the physiological effects of many stimulants are very similar

A

stimulants increase in suppression of appetite

50
Q

stimulants are

A

sympathomimetic drugs
mimic activity of sympathetic nervous system

51
Q

stimulants cause an increase in

A

heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, blood flow to large muscle groups & brain

52
Q

stimulants cause the suppression of appetite

A

anorectic effects
this is one of the reasons that these drugs were prescribed for weight loss
didn’t work in the long term- tolerance

53
Q

effects at low-moderate doses

A

behavioral effects
enhance physical performance on a variety of tasks
cognitive performance
sexual prowess

54
Q

behavioral effects of stimulants

A

feelings of elation, increase talkativeness, alertness, & arousal
insomnia

55
Q

stimulants enhance physical performance on a variety of tasks

A

physical endurance, increase in strength
increase resistance to boredom & fatigue
study drugs

56
Q

cognitive performance with stimulants

A

speed up performance on several cognitive tasks
(speed-accuracy trade off)
seem to impair ability to learn complex concepts

57
Q

sexual prowess with stimulants

A

increase desire (in some users) - but decreased performance :(

58
Q

acute effects of stimulants at high doses

A

psychotic states
stimulant induced psychosis
increased risk of overdose

59
Q

psychotic states of stimulants

A

paranoid delusions are most common symptoms
compulsive stereotyped behavior- rocking, hair pulling, chain smoking, fidgeting with things

60
Q

stimulant induced psychosis

A

can be treated with antipsychotics

61
Q

significantly increased risk of overdose of stimulants

A

convulsions, seizures, respiratory collapse, heart attack

62
Q

prenatal exposure to stimulants

A

crack babies
women who take stimulants while pregnant
children whose mothers took stimulants (while pregnant)

63
Q

women who take stimulants while pregnant

A

higher risk of: fetal death, miscarriage, premature labor

64
Q

children whose mothers took stimulants (while pregnant)

A

lower birth weight, abnormal arousal, seizure & startle response
all seem to be short lived (when controlling for other maternal factors)
intellectual deficits - from the environment continues after birth- seem to endure (in part, the result of the environment)

65
Q

formication syndrome

A

the feeling like bugs crawling under your skin

Drugs and Behavior (9 decks)

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