Psychology CHP.18

Question 1

What is a group?

Answer 1

• consists of two+ people
• individuals in the group must interact with eachother over a period of time
• Individuals in the group must influence eachother
• members must have a common purpose

Question 2

Definition of power and types of power with examples

Answer 2

the use of a strong influence or control over others in a variety of settings.
Reward power-ability to provide a desired response e.g.teacher lets students leave early
Coercive power-ability to provide an unpleasent response e.g.teacher can detain students
Information power-having knowledge that others desire
Legitimate power-power given by higher authority,may be due to role or position e.g. secretary knows where all information is filed
Expert power-power due to skills and depth of knowledge e.g.doctor or motor mechanic
Referent power-power from others desire to relate to the person e.g. admired sports star or good friend.

Question 3

3 styles of leadership

Answer 3

democratic-tasks are negotiated with the people
authoritarian-the leader makes all the decisions and controls behaviour of the people.
laissez-faire - the leader takes no part in proceedings

Question 4

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment -aim, IV, DV, participants, method, results, criticisms,
ethical issues

Answer 4

aim: to understand development of norms and effects of roles/social expectations in a prison environment.
iv:conditions of the participants
dv:resulting behaviour
results: participants complied with roles and started thinking the same way as the role making them forget it was an experiment.
criticisms/ethical issues: violation of the no harm principle, violation of withdrawal rights

Question 5

Milgrim’s experiment - aim, method, results, ethical issues, IV,DV

Answer 5

aim: to see how far people would obey an instruction if it involved harming another person
iv: alter the situation
dv: see how it affected obedience
results:65% of the participants continued to 450 volts
ethical issues:

Question 6

Asch’s experiment - aim, method, results, conclusion,IV,DV, ethical issues,

Answer 6

aim:to see the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a persons conformity
iv:he unanimity of the confederates
dv: whether the participant would conform
results:74% conformed with the confederates at least once
ethical issues: deception
conclusion:most didn’t believe the others answers but had gone along with the group for fear of being ridiculed or thought as weird.

Question 7

What is a meta analysis?

Answer 7

When scientists want to know the answer to a question that’s been studied a great deal, they conduct something called a meta-analysis, pooling data from multiple studies to arrive at one combined answer.

Question 8

Factors affecting conformity

Answer 8

normative influence, culture, informational influence, group

size, unanimity, deindividuation, social loafing

Question 9

deindividuation (definiton)

Answer 9

removing the individual identifying characteristics of someone and they cant be recognised by other group members

Question 10

Asch

Answer 10

found that people tend to conform to group opinions, even when they are obviously wrong

Question 11

conformity

Answer 11

Adjusting one’s behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 12

4

Answer 12

conformity increases wth group size but only up to the size of ______ and then remained consistent

Question 13

collectivist (culture)

Answer 13

cultures in which people subordinate their personal goals to those of a stable community

Question 14

individualist (culture)

Answer 14

culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important component of one’s self-concept than group membership

Question 15

individualist

Answer 15

australia and america are __________ cultures

Question 16

collectivist

Answer 16

asian countries are ____________ cultures

Question 17

collectivist (cultures-coformity)

Answer 17

conformity is higher in ___________ cultures