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Psychology Unit 1 + 2 > Psychology Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five senses?

A

Vision, taste, touch, smell and hearing

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2
Q

What are the sense organs for all five senses?

A 
Vision = Eyes
Taste = Tongue
Touch = Skin
Smell = Nose
Hearing = Ears
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3
Q

What are the sense receptors for sight and where are they located?

A

Rods and cones

Located in the retina

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4
Q

What are the sense receptors for taste and where are they located?

A

Taste receptors,

Located in the taste buds

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5
Q

What are the sense receptors for touch and where are they located?

A

Receptors for pressure, heat and cold,

Located in the skin

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6
Q

What are the sense receptors for smell and where are they located?

A

Olfactory cilia,

Located in the nasal epithelium

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7
Q

What are the sense receptors for hearing and where are they located?

A

Hair cells,

Located in the cochlea

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8
Q

What is the stimulus energy for all five senses?

A 
Vision = Light
Taste = Chemicals
Touch = Kinetic
Smell = Chemical
Hearing = Sound
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9
Q

Define the absolute threshold

A

The minimum amount of stimulus energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus, in ideal conditions, 50% of the time

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10
Q

What are the six stages of sensation and perception?

A

SENSATION
Reception
Transduction
Transmission

PERCEPTION
Selection
Organisation
Interpretation

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11
Q

Define the Sensation stages of the Six stages of sensation and perception

A

RECEPTION: stimulus energy is collected by the sense organ
TRANSDUCTION: stimulus energy is converted by the receptor cells into electrochemical nerve impulses
TRANSMISSION: the receptor cells send the nerve impulses to the primary sensory cortex where specialised receptor cells respond

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12
Q

Define the Perception stages of the six stages of sensation and perception

A

SELECTION: the important stimuli are selected to be paid attention to out of the millions of stimuli we receive
ORGANISATION: when the information reaches the brain, it is recognised so we can make sense of it
INTERPRETATION: past experiences, motives, values and context are involved in the process where the stimuli is given meaning

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13
Q

Define the sensation stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in vision

A

SENSATION
Reception: light enters the eye through the cornea and passes through the pupil where the lens focuses the light on the retina which contains the photoreceptors
Transduction: light energy is converted by rods and cones into electrochemical nerve impulses
TRANSMISSION: the nerve impulses are sent along the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex where specialised receptor cells respond

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14
Q

Define the perception stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in vision

A

PERCEPTION
Selection: the image is broken up by specialised cells called feature detectors
Organisation: the visual cortex reorganises information so that we can make sense of it
Interpretation: the process whereby the visual stimulus/object is given meaning by comparing incoming information with stored information

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15
Q

Wavelengths between _______ and _______ form the visible spectrum

A

360 to 760 nanometers

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16
Q

Define the role of the eye in visual perception

A

Light enters the eye through the cornea. It then passes through the pupil to the lens, where it is focused onto the retina which contains photoreceptors (light sensitive cells)

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17
Q

Define rod cell photoreceptors

A

There are 125 000 000 in the eye
They are responsible for vision in low light and peripheral vision
They have low visual acuity (can’t register detail) and can only register in black and white

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18
Q

Define cone cell photoreceptors

A

There are 6 500 000 in the eye
They are responsible for vision of detail and colour vision (and black and white vision in daylight)
They require high levels of light to be able to respond

19
Q

What is the benefit to humans and animals being able to taste?

A

In order to determine which foods are safe to eat and which may be bitter and dangerous

20
Q

How many taste buds are located on the tongue and throat?

A

10 000

21
Q

How many taste receptor cells are contained in each of the taste buds?

A

50-150

22
Q

How long do taste cells live?

A

About 10 days

23
Q

What are the five primary tastes?

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami (savoury)

24
Q

Which cortex is responsible for taste?

A

The gustatory cortex

25
Q

Do certain taste buds detect only one primary taste?

A

No. All taste buds can receive all tastes but each is slightly more sensitive to one of the five primary tastes; thus certain areas of the tongue respond slightly more strongly to one taste sensation

26
Q

Define the sensation stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in taste

A

SENSATION
Reception: chemicals are dissolved in saliva during chewing
Transduction: chemical energy is converted by receptor cells on the taste buds into nerve impulses
Transmission: the nerve impulses travel to the primary gustatory cortex

27
Q

Define the perception stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in taste

A

For taste alone, perception is a very simple process- the brain simply recognises the sensation of a mixture of the five primary tastes, but combined with the smell of the food, the colour and texture.

28
Q

Define flavour

A

Taste Perception involves the senses of vision, taste, smell and touch leading to interpretation of flavour

29
Q

absolute threshold for taste

A

one teaspoon of sugar in 10L of water

30
Q

absolute threshold for touch

A

the wing of a fly falling onto the cheek from 1m away

31
Q

psychological (factors on absolute threshold)

A

fatigue, motivation, stress, expectations

32
Q

absolute threshold for hearing

A

the ticking of a watch 6m away

33
Q

absolute threshold for smell

A

1 drop of perfume in a large house

34
Q

absolute threshold for vision

A

the flame of a candle 50km away on a dark, clear night

35
Q

environmental (factors on absolute threshold)

A

noise, amount of light

36
Q

feature detector cells

A

cells that individually respond to lines of a certain length, lines at a certain angle or lines moving in a certain direction. they are found in the optic nerve and in the primary visual cortex.

37
Q

visible spectrum

A

The tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes are sensitive.

38
Q

what part of the visible spectrum shows violet and indigo?

A

400-500

39
Q

what part of the visible spectrum shows green and blue?

A

450-550

40
Q

which part of the visible spectrum shows green and yellow?

A

500-600

41
Q

which part of the visible spectrum shows yellow, orange and red?

A

650-750

42
Q

which part of the visible spectrum shows orange and red?

A

600-700

43
Q

what light wavelength is most sensitive to rods?

A

500nm

Psychology Unit 1 + 2 (14 decks)

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