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First Year First Semester > Psychology Chapters 5&6 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapters 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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2
Q

Phenomenology

A

The study of how things seem to the conscious person

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3
Q

Problem of other minds

A

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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4
Q

Mind-body problem

A

The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

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5
Q

Dichotic listening

A

A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

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6
Q

Cocktail-party phenomenon

A

A phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

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7
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

A low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour

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8
Q

Full consciousness

A

A level of consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

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9
Q

Self-consciousness

A

A distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

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10
Q

Mental control

A

The attempt to change conscious states of mind

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11
Q

Thought suppression

A

The conscious avoidance of a thought

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12
Q

Rebound effect of thought suppression

A

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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13
Q

Ironic process of mental control

A

A mental process that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them

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14
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A

An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces

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15
Q

Repression

A

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

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16
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

All the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour even though they are not experienced by the person

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17
Q

Dual-process theories

A

Theories that suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing information: one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing, and the other dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing

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18
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

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19
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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20
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

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21
Q

REM sleep

A

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and a high level of brain activity

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22
Q

Electrooculograph (EOG)

A

An instrument that measures eye movements

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23
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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24
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

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25
Q

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

A

Occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep

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26
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

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27
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

The experience of waking up unable to move

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28
Q

Night terrors (sleep terrors)

A

Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

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29
Q

Manifest content

A

A dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

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30
Q

Latent content

A

A dream’s true underlying meaning

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31
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

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32
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain’s chemical message system

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33
Q

Drug tolerance

A

The tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect

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34
Q

Depressants

A

Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

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35
Q

Expectancy theory

A

The idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

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36
Q

Balanced placebo design

A

A study design in which behaviour is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus

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37
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

A condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways in complex situations

38
Q

Stimulants

A

Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels

39
Q

Narcotics (or opiates)

A

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

40
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

41
Q

Marijuana (cannabis)

A

The leaves and buds of the hemp plant, which contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol

42
Q

Gateway drug

A

A drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

43
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s (the subject’s) subjective experience of the world

44
Q

Posthypnotic amnesia

A

The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

45
Q

Hypnotic analgesia

A

The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

46
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store and retrieve information over time

47
Q

Encoding

A

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

48
Q

Storage

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time

49
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

50
Q

Semantic encoding

A

The process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

51
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

52
Q

Organizational encoding

A

The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

53
Q

Sensory memory

A

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

54
Q

Iconic memory

A

A fast-decaying store of visual information

55
Q

Echoic memory

A

A fast-decaying store of auditory information

56
Q

Short-term memory

A

A type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

57
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

58
Q

Serial position effect

A

The observation that the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle

59
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

60
Q

Working memory

A

A type of short-term storage that actively maintains information

61
Q

Long-term memory

A

A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

62
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

63
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery

64
Q

Consolidation

A

The process by which memories become stable in the brain

65
Q

Reconsolidation

A

The process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

66
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

A process whereby repeated communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

67
Q

Retrieval cue

A

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

68
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

The idea that a retrieval cue can be an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

69
Q

State-dependent retrieval

A

The process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

70
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

The process whereby memory is more likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

71
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

72
Q

Explicit memory

A

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

73
Q

Implicit memory

A

The influence of past experiences on later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

74
Q

Procedural memory

A

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

75
Q

Priming

A

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to that stimulus

76
Q

Semantic memory

A

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

77
Q

Episodic memory

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

78
Q

Transience

A

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

79
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

80
Q

Proactive interference

A

Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later

81
Q

Absentmindedness

A

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure

82
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do things in the future

83
Q

Blocking

A

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

84
Q

Memory misattribution

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

85
Q

Source memory

A

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

86
Q

False recognition

A

A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

87
Q

Suggestibility

A

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

88
Q

Bias

A

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

89
Q

Persistence

A

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

90
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

First Year First Semester (14 decks)

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