Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

First Year First Semester > Psychology Chapters 5&6 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapters 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phenomenology

A

The study of how things seem to the conscious person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Problem of other minds

A

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mind-body problem

A

The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dichotic listening

A

A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cocktail-party phenomenon

A

A phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

A low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Full consciousness

A

A level of consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Self-consciousness

A

A distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mental control

A

The attempt to change conscious states of mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thought suppression

A

The conscious avoidance of a thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rebound effect of thought suppression

A

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ironic process of mental control

A

A mental process that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A

An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Repression

A

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

All the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour even though they are not experienced by the person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dual-process theories

A

Theories that suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing information: one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing, and the other dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

REM sleep

A

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and a high level of brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Electrooculograph (EOG)

A

An instrument that measures eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
Occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep
26
Narcolepsy
A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
27
Sleep paralysis
The experience of waking up unable to move
28
Night terrors (sleep terrors)
Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
29
Manifest content
A dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning
30
Latent content
A dream's true underlying meaning
31
Activation-synthesis model
The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
32
Psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain's chemical message system
33
Drug tolerance
The tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect
34
Depressants
Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system
35
Expectancy theory
The idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
36
Balanced placebo design
A study design in which behaviour is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus
37
Alcohol myopia
A condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways in complex situations
38
Stimulants
Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels
39
Narcotics (or opiates)
Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
40
Hallucinogens
Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations
41
Marijuana (cannabis)
The leaves and buds of the hemp plant, which contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol
42
Gateway drug
A drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs
43
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person's (the subject's) subjective experience of the world
44
Posthypnotic amnesia
The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
45
Hypnotic analgesia
The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis
46
Memory
The ability to store and retrieve information over time
47
Encoding
The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
48
Storage
The process of maintaining information in memory over time
49
Retrieval
The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
50
Semantic encoding
The process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
51
Visual imagery encoding
The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
52
Organizational encoding
The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
53
Sensory memory
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less
54
Iconic memory
A fast-decaying store of visual information
55
Echoic memory
A fast-decaying store of auditory information
56
Short-term memory
A type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
57
Rehearsal
The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
58
Serial position effect
The observation that the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle
59
Chunking
Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory
60
Working memory
A type of short-term storage that actively maintains information
61
Long-term memory
A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years
62
Anterograde amnesia
The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
63
Retrograde amnesia
The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery
64
Consolidation
The process by which memories become stable in the brain
65
Reconsolidation
The process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again
66
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
A process whereby repeated communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
67
Retrieval cue
External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
68
Encoding specificity principle
The idea that a retrieval cue can be an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
69
State-dependent retrieval
The process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
70
Transfer-appropriate processing
The process whereby memory is more likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match
71
Retrieval-induced forgetting
A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items
72
Explicit memory
The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
73
Implicit memory
The influence of past experiences on later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection
74
Procedural memory
The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things
75
Priming
An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to that stimulus
76
Semantic memory
A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
77
Episodic memory
The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
78
Transience
Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
79
Retroactive interference
Situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier
80
Proactive interference
Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later
81
Absentmindedness
A lapse in attention that results in memory failure
82
Prospective memory
Remembering to do things in the future
83
Blocking
A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
84
Memory misattribution
Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
85
Source memory
Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
86
False recognition
A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before
87
Suggestibility
The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
88
Bias
The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
89
Persistence
The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
90
Flashbulb memories
Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

First Year First Semester (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions