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First Year First Semester > Biology Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Biology Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase

A

The period from cell formation to cell division - Carrying out all routine activities

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2
Q

G1

A

Cell cycle subphase: Metabolically active, synthesizing proteins and rapid growth

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3
Q

S phase

A

Cell cycle subphase: DNA is replicated

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4
Q

G2

A

Cell cycle subphase: brief final phase of interphase; prepares for cell division (centriole replication complete

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5
Q

Replication bubble

A

Bubble formed after enzymes unwind DNA

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6
Q

Replication fork

A

The point at which DNA strands unzip

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7
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that travels along the DNA template strands, forming two new complementary strands

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8
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old and one new nucleotide strand

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9
Q

M (mitotic phase)

A

Cell division: Involves mitosis and cytokinesis

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of the nucleus (cell division)

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11
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

A furrow that forms during cytokinesis to pinch off the two new daughter cells

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13
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

Nucleotide strands resembling “half-DNA’ molecules (one of two DNA strand complementary molecules for protein structure)

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14
Q

rRNA

A

Forms ribosomes (consists of two subunits - one large, one small)

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15
Q

Transcription

A

Transfers information from a DNA base sequence to complementary mRNA

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16
Q

Promoter

A

Special DNA sequence that contains the start point of a gene to be transcribed

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17
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that oversees the synthesis of mRNA

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18
Q

Translation

A

Translates mRNA to proteins (from base sequence to amino acid sequence)

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19
Q

Genetic code

A

Rules by which the base sequence of a gene is translated into an amino acid sequence

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20
Q

Codon

A

The corresponding three-base sequence on mRNA for each DNA triplet

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21
Q

Anticodon

A

A three-base sequence, which binds to the mRNA codon calling for the amino acid carried by that particular tRNA

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22
Q

Initiation

A

Ribosomal subunit binds to initiator tRNA and scans mRNA for the start codon (AUG)

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23
Q

Elongation

A

Ribosomes moves along mRNA in one direction, generating amino acids forming the polypeptide chain

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24
Q

Elongation steps

A

a. Codon recognition
Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to complementary codon in A site of ribosome
b. Peptide bond formation
Enzymatic component in large ribosomal subunit catalyzes peptid bond formation between the amino acid of the tRNA in the P site and that of the tRNA in the A site
c. Translocation
The ribosome moves, shifting its position one codon along the mRNA. This shift moves tRNA in the A site to the P site. Vacant tRNA is transferred to the E site to be released and recharged with another amino acid.

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25
Q

Termination

A

mRNA strand is read sequentially until the stop codon (UGA, UAA, or UAG) enters the A site. Signals that translation of mRNA is finished and water is added to the polypeptide chain to break the bond between the chain and the tRNA in the P site. The completed polypeptide chain is then released from the ribosome

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26
Q

ER signal sequence

A

Short “leader” peptide - When present in a protein being synthesized the associated ribosome attaches to the membrane of the rough ER

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27
Q

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

A

Small RNAs that can interfere with and suppress mRNAs made by certain exons, effectively silencing them

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28
Q

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

A

Like miRNA but originate from outside the cell

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29
Q

Autophagy

A

(self-eating) Sweeps up bits of cytoplasm and unneeded organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. They are then delivered to lysosomes for digestion of contents which cell reuses

  1. Allows cells to dispense of unneeded proteins and worn out organelles
  2. In times of stress can cannibalize to survive
  3. Helps to restructure the cells
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30
Q

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

A

Handles individual proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or unneeded and must be disposed of

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31
Q

Ubiquitins

A

Markers for proteins needing destruction

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32
Q

Proteasomes

A

Waste disposal complexes composed of protein-digesting enzymes

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33
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death; rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span (cells in uterus and webs between fingers and toes of developing fetus)

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34
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Accelerated growth; in anemic people this results in accelerated growth of red blood cells

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35
Q

Atrophy

A

A decrease in size of an organ or body tissue

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36
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common/related function

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37
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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38
Q

Fixed

A

Preserved (as relating to microscopy)

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39
Q

Sections

A

Slices (as relating to microscopy)

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40
Q

Artifacts

A

Minor distortions in preserved tissue after it has been exposed to many procedures that alter its original condition (as relating to microscopy)

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41
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelium; A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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42
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A

Forms the outer layer of the skin; dips into and lines the open cavities of the urogenital, digestive, and respiratory systems; and covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity

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43
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Fashions the glands of the body

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44
Q

Epithelium functions

A 
1 Protection
2 Absorption
3 Filtration
4 Excretion
5 Secretion
6 Sensory reception
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45
Q

Apical surface

A

Not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ

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46
Q

Basal surface

A

Attached to underlying connective tissue

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47
Q

Apical-basal polarity

A

The polarity between the apical and basal surfaces

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48
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like extensions of the plasma membrane to increase surface area

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49
Q

Basal lamina

A

Thin supporting sheet adjacent to basal surface of epithelium - Consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells + collagen fibers. Acts as selective filter determining which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium. Also can act as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound

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50
Q

Basement membrane

A

In between the epithelial and connective tissues that reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary
Consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina

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51
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Deep to the basal lamina: consists of a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that “belongs to” the underlying connective tissue

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52
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Consist of a single cell layer - typically found where absorption, secretion, and fitration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desirable

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53
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other; common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as the skin surface and lining of the mouth

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54
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flattened and scale-like cells

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55
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Boxlike cells, approximately as tall as they are wide

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56
Q

Columnar cells

A

Tall and column shaped cells

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57
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Cells flattened laterally with a sparse cytoplasm - Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important: kidney glomuleri, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels etc

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58
Q

Endothelium

A

Provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system; Cpillaries - efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between the bloodstream and surrounding tissue cells

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59
Q

Mesothelium

A

The epithelium found in serous membranes, the membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

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60
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide - secretion and absorption. Forms the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

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61
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of tall, closely packed cells, aligned like soldiers in a row; lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum. Mostly associated with absorption and secretion and the digestive have 2 modifications: Dense microvilli on apical surface of absorptive cells 2 Tubular glands made of cells that secrete mucus-containing intestinal juice

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62
Q

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium

A

Vary in height; all cells rest on basement membrane but only the tallest reach the free surface of the epithelium. Because cell nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, the tissue gives false (pseudo) impression that several layers are present. Short cells relatively unspecialized and give rise to the taller cells. Secretes or absorbs substances; ciliated version containing mucus-secreting goblet cells lines most of the respiratory tract

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63
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Most widespread of the stratified epithelia. Composed of several layers, it’s thick and well suited for protection. Free surface cells are squamous and cells of deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar. This epithelium forms the external surface of the skin and exends a short distance into every body opening that is directly continuous with skin (outer layer of epidermis is keratinized for tough protection)

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64
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Quite rare mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands

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65
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Limited distribution in the body. Small amounts found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. This epithelium also occurs at transition areas or junctions between two other types of epithelia. Only its apical layer of cells is columnar

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66
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which strech as they fill with uring. Cells of its basal layer are cuboidal or columnar. Apical cells vary in appearance, depending on the degree of distension (stretching of the organ)

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67
Q

Gland

A

Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

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68
Q

Secretion

A

An aqueous fluid that usually contains proteins

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69
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Lose their ducts during development (ductless glands) Produce hormones

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70
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that they secrete by exocytosis directly into the extracellular space. Travel to specific target organs

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71
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities. Unicellular glands do so by exocytosis whereas mutlicellular glands do so via an epithelium-walled duct that transports the secretion to the epitheliual surgace

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72
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Mucous cells and goblet cells. Sprinkled in the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells with other functions

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73
Q

Mucin

A

A complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted. Once dissolved, mucin forms mucus, a slimy coating that protects and lubricates surfaces

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74
Q

Goblet cells

A

Accumulating mucin distends the top of the cell, making the cells look like a glass with a stem

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75
Q

Multicellular exocraine glands

A

Structurally complex with two basic parts: epithelium derived duct and secretory unit (acinus), consisting of secretory cells. In all but the simplest glands, supportive connective tissue surrounds the secretory unit, supplies it with blood vessels and nerve fibers, and forms a fibrous capsule that extends into the glands and divides it into lobes

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76
Q

Simple glands

A

Have an unbranched duct (classification of glands)

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77
Q

Compound glands

A

Have a branched duct (classification of glands)

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78
Q

Tubular

A

Secretory cells form tubes (categorization of glands by secretory units)

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79
Q

Alveolar

A

Secretory cells form small, flasklike sacs (categorization of glands by secretory units)

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80
Q

Tubuloalveolar

A

Both types of secretory units (categorization of glands by secretory units)

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81
Q

Acinar

A

Interchangeable with alveolar

82
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secrete their products by exocytosis. Not altered in any way (“merely secrete”) Pancreas, sweat glands, and salivary glands

83
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Secretory cells accumulate their products within them until they rupture. Cells “die for the cause”

84
Q

Connective tissue

A 
Binds and supports, protects, insulates, and stores reserve fuel
4 classes:
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
85
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Separates the living cells of the tissue

86
Q

Common origin

A

All connective tissues arise from mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue)

87
Q

Ground substance

A

Unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers
Interstitial fluid
Cell adhesion proteins
Proteoglycans

88
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The ground substance consists of large amounts of fluid and functions as molecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

89
Q

Cell adhesion proteins

A

Serve mainly as connective tissue flues that allows connective tissue cells to attach to the extracellular matrix

90
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Consist of a protein core to which large polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are attached. The strand-like GAGs stick out from the protein core like the fibers of a bottle brush.

91
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Constructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen. Secreted into the extracellular space where they assemble spontaneously into cross-linked fibrils, which in turn are bundled together into the thick collagen fibers seen in the microscope. Extremely tough and provide high tensile strength to the matrix

92
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Long, thin, elastic fibers form branching networks in the extracellular matrix. These fibers contain a rubber-like protein, elastin, that allows them to stretch and recoil like rubber bands.

93
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Short, fine fibers made of a different type of collagen than the more common, thicker collagen fibers. Connect to the coarser collagen fibers but they branch extensively, forming delicate network that surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs. Allow more stretch than the larger collagen fibers

94
Q

Fibroblasts

A

In connective tissue proper become firbocytes

95
Q

Chondroblasts

A

In cartilage become chondrocytes

96
Q

Osteoblasts

A

In bone become osteocytes

97
Q

Adipocytes

A

Adipose or fat cells which store energy as fat

98
Q

White blood cells

A

WBCs or leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes) and other cell types that are concerned with tissue response to injury

99
Q

Mast cells

A

Cluster along blood vessels. Oval cells detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them. (Heparin - prevents blood clotting / Histamine - A substance that makes capillaries leaky / Proteases (protein degrading enzymes / other enzymes)

100
Q

Macrophages

A

Large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly devour a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles.

101
Q

Mesenchyme

A

A fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells. Arises during the the early weeks of embryonic development and eventually differentiates into all other connective tissue cells (some mesenchymal cells remain and provide a source of new cells in mature connective tissues)

102
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Composed of loose connective tissues (areolar, adipose, and reticular) and dense connective tissues (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic)

103
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Most widely distributed connective tissue in the body; serves as universal packing material between other tissues. Binds body parts together while allowing them to move freely over one another. Made up of elastic fibers, ground substance, fibroblast nuclei, and collagen fibers

104
Q

Adipose (fat) tissue

A

Similar to areolar tissue in structure but its nutrient-storing ability is much greater. Matrix is scanty and cells are packed closely together. Also helps prevent heat loss (insulation)

105
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Resembles areolar connective tissue but only fibers in the matrix are reticular fibers forming a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells are scattered. Forms a labyrinth-like stroma or internal framework that can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.

106
Q

Stroma

A

“bed” or “mattress”

107
Q

Dense regular connecttive tissue

A

Contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull. This arrangement results in white, flexible structures with great resistance to rension where the tension is exerted in a single direction. (Tendons (muscle to bone), aponeuroses (muscles to other muscles or bones) ligaments (bind bones together at joints))

108
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Has same structural elements as regular variety but bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and are arranged irregularly; they run in all directions. This tissue forms sheets where tensions is exerted in many different directions (Skin as dermis, and forms fibrous joint capsules and fibrous coverings that surround some organs)

109
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

A few ligaments, such as those connecting adjacent vertebrae, are very elastic. Dense regular tissue in these structures is elastic connective tissue (many larger arteries have stretchy sheets of elastic connective tissue in their walls)

110
Q

Cartilage

A

Stands up to both tension and compression. Qualities between dense connective tissue and bone. Tough but flexible, providing resilient rigidity to the structures it supports.

111
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Provides firm support with some pliability:
Ends of long bones (springy compression pads)
Supports tip of nose
Connects ribs to sternum
Supports most of respiratory system passages (trachea)
Makes up most of the embryonic skeleton before bone forms

112
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Nearly identical to hyaline cartilage but elastic cartilage has many more elastic fibers.Found where strength and exceptional stretchability is needed (skeletons of external ear and epiglottis (flap covering opening to respiratory passageway in the throat))

113
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue. Rows of chondrocytes (a cartilage feature) alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers (dense regular connective tissue). Because it resists both compression and tension well, fibrocartilage supports as well as withstands heavy pressure (resilient cushions between bony vertebrae and spongy cartilages of the knee)

114
Q

Bone

A

Exceptional ability to support and protect body structures. Provide cavities for storing fat and synthesizing blood cells. Hard and rigid matrix - inorganic calcium salts (bone salts)

115
Q

Blood

A

Fluid withing blood vessels and the most atypical connective tissue. Does not connect things or give mechanical support. Classified as connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma.Fibers of blood are soluble protein molecules that precipitate, formind visible fiberlike structures during blood clotting. Transport vehicle for cardiovascular system

116
Q

Muscle tissues

A

Well-vascularized tissues responsible for body movement

117
Q

Myofilaments

A

Elaborate networks of actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types

118
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeleton. Form the flesh of the body and as they contract they pull on bones or skin, causing body movements

119
Q

Muscle fibers

A

(Skeletal muscle cells) Long, cylindrical cells that contain many peripherally located nuclei

120
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found only in the walls of the heart. Contractions help propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body. Cardiac muscle cells are striated and are generally uninucleate with nucleus situated centrally and branching cells that fit together tightly at unique junctions (intercalated discs)

121
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Cells have no visible striations. Spindle shaped cells and contain one centrally located nucleus. Found mainly in walls of hollow organs other than the heart. Squeezes substances through these organs by alternately contracting and relaxing

122
Q

Neurons

A

Highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

123
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin; consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to thick layer of connective tissue (dermis

124
Q

Mucous membranes

A

(Mucosae) Line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body. Moist membranes bathed by secretions (urine in urinary tract)

125
Q

Lamina propria

A

Layer of areolar connective tissue. Sometimes rests on a third (deeper) layer of smooth muscle cells

126
Q

Pleurae

A

Serous membrane lining the thoracic wall and covering the lungs

127
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane enclosing the heart

128
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that encloses the abdominopelvic viscera

129
Q

Regeneration

A

Replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

130
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replaces destroyed tissue with scar tissue (dense connective tissue)

131
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and lay down a capillary bed

132
Q

Primary germ layers

A

Lie one atop the next in the first events of embryonic development consisting of the ectoderm (nervous tissue), mesoderm (muscle and connective tissue), and endoderm (inner lining of digestive system)

133
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping skeletal muscles .Not part of the skin but shares some protective functions. Consists of adipose tissue with some areolar connective tissue. Anchors the skin to underlying structures (muscles)

134
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin - consists of four distinct cell types and 4-5 distinct layers

135
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Cells that produce keratin - firbous protein that helps give epidermis its protective properties

136
Q

Melanocytes

A

Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize melanin (pigment) found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

137
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Star shaped cells arising from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Ingest foreign substances and key activators for immune system

138
Q

Tactile epithelial cells

A

Present at the epidermal-dermal junction. Shapes like a spiky hemisphere, each tactile epithelial cell is intimately associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending

139
Q

Thick skin

A

Covers areas subject to abrasion; consists of five layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum)

140
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest epidermal layer. Single row of stem cells continually renewing cell population

141
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

(prickly layer) Several cell layers thick. Many spinelike extensions of its keratinocytes. Contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments, which consist of a tension-resisting protein, pre-keratin. Resist tension in the cell and are anchored to the desmosomes

142
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

(granular layer) Consists of one to five cell layers in whic keratinocyte appearance changes drastically, and the process of keratinization begins.

143
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

(clear layer) Found only in thick skin consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes. Cells idential to stratum corneum

144
Q

Stratum corneum

A

(horny layer) Outermost epidermal layer braod zome of 20 to 3- cell layers thick. Keratin protects the skin against abrasion and penetration. Glycolipid between cells helps to waterproof. Cells shed regularly

145
Q

Dermis

A

Made up of strong, flexible connective tissue. Cells typical of those found in connective tissue proper: fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells. Semifluid matrix embedded with fibers binds the entire body together.

146
Q

Papillary dermis

A

Areolar connective tissue in whic fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat with many small blood vessels

147
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Peglike projections from papillary surface

148
Q

Friction ridges

A

Skin ridges that help to grip certain kinds of surfaces

149
Q

Reticular dermis

A

Coarse, dense irregular connective tissue. Network of blood vessles nourishing this layer lies between this and the subcutaneous tissue. Extracellular matrix contains thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibers.

150
Q

Cleavage (tension) lines

A

Formed from separations, or less dense regions between the collagen fibers in the reticular dermis.

151
Q

Flexure lines

A

Dermal folds that occur at or near joints where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures

152
Q

Melanin

A

A polymer made of an amino acid called tyrosine. Range in colour from reddish yellow to brownish black. (pigment)

153
Q

Carotene

A

A yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots. Accumulates in the stratum corneum and in the fat of the subcutaneous tissues. Can be converted to Vitamin A (essential for vision and epidermal health)

154
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygenated pigment of the blood

155
Q

Skin appendages

A

Associated structures to skin (hair, hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and sebacous (oil) glands)

156
Q

Hairs (pili)

A

Flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cells.

157
Q

Cuticle

A

(of hair) Formed from a single layer of cells overlapping one another like shingles on a roof to separate neighboring hairs so the hair does not mat. (most heavily keratinized part of the hair)

158
Q

Hair follicles

A

The sheath of cells and connective tissue that surrounds the root of a hair

159
Q

Hair bulb

A

Deep end of the follicle

160
Q

Hair follicle receptor

A

A knot of sensory nerve endings (root hair plexus)

161
Q

Peripheral connective tissue sheath

A

This connective tissue sheath is derived from the dermis. Forms the external layer of the follicle wall

162
Q

Glassy membrane

A

At the junction of the fibrous sheath and epithelial root sheath. The basement membrane of the follicle epithelilum

163
Q

Epithelial root sheath

A

Derived from the epidermis. Two components: external root sheath (direct continuation of epidermis) and internal root sheath (derived from matrix cells)

164
Q

Hair matrix

A

Produces the actual hair shaft as well as the inner and outer root sheaths of hair

165
Q

Arrector pili

A

Bundle of smooth muscle cells that can contract to pull the hair follicle upright (goosebumps)

166
Q

Vellus hair

A

Body hair of children and adult females (pale and fine)

167
Q

Terminal hair

A

Coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp

168
Q

Male pattern baldness

A

A genetically determined, gender-influenced condition that change the response of the hair follicles to androgens (shorter and shorter growth cycles)

169
Q

Nail

A

Forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe

170
Q

Nail matrix

A

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed

171
Q

Nail folds

A

Overlapped skin folds on the proximal and lateral boroders of the nail

172
Q

Cuticle

A

Proximal nail fold projecting onto the nail body (eponychium)

173
Q

Hyponychium

A

Thickened region beneath the free edge of the nail where dirt and debris tend to accumulate. Secures the free edge of the nail plate at the tip of the finger/toe

174
Q

Sweat glands

A

(sudoriferous glands) Distributed over the entire skin surface except nipples and parts of external genitalia. Eccrine and apocrine glands: myoepithelial cells specialized to contract and force sweat into and through the gland’s duct system to the skin surface (autonomic)

175
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

More numerous than apocrine and are abundant on palms, soles of feet, and forehead. Simple, coiled, tubular gland. Temperate control, some antibacterial properties. Hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma secreted through exocytosis

176
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

May act as sexual scent glands. Secretes filtrate of blood plasma with added proteins and fatty substances through exocytosis. Usually secreted at upper part of hair follicle; rarely the skin surface. Mostly located at axillary and anogenital regions

177
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. Secretion mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebacous glands to form a sticky, bitter substance called cerumen, or earwax, that is thought to deter insects and block entry of foreign material

178
Q

Mammary glands

A

Another type of specialized sweat gland that secretes milk.

179
Q

Sebacous glands

A

(Oil glands) Simple branched alveolar glands found all over the body except for thick skin in palms and soles. Secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair, help prevent water loss, and has antibacterial properties. Holocrine gland usually secreted from the upper part of the hair follicle.

180
Q

Sebum

A

Oily substance that softens and lubricates the hair and skin, preventing the hair from becoming brittle and slows water loss from the skin. Also antibacterial

181
Q

Acid mantle

A

Antibacterial (slightly acidic) film on the skin low in pH

182
Q

Cutaneous sensory receptors

A

Exteroreceptors - Respond to stimuli arising outside the body

183
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Least malignant skin cancer (sun exposure)

184
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Second most common skin cancer arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

185
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of the melanocytes (most dangerous because it is highly metastatic & resistant to chemotherapy)

186
Q

Nervous system

A

Master controlling and communicating system of the body

187
Q

Sensory input

A

Sensory receptors monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body gathering information as sensory input

188
Q

Integration

A

Nervous system proceses and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment

189
Q

Motor output

A

Nervous system activates effector organs (muscles and glands) to cause a response (motor output)

190
Q

Central nervous system

A

(CNS) Consists of the brain and spinal cord; integrating control center of the nervous system

191
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

(PNS) Consists of nervs extending from the CNS and ganglia (collection of neuron cell bodies.

192
Q

Sensory division of PNS

A

Consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body

193
Q

Motor division of the PNS

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs

194
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary)

195
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. (involuntary)

196
Q

Sympathetic division of ANS

A

Prepares body for stress: fight or flight mode

197
Q

Parasympathetic division of ANS

A

Brings body out of “fight or flight” mode and returns to normal

198
Q

Neuroglia

A

(Glial cells) Support and maintain neurons

199
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant and versatile glial cells. Support and brace neurons and anchor them to their nutrient supply lines (also help determine capillary permeability) Also control chemical environment around neurons (mop up leaked potassium ions)

200
Q

Microglial cells

A

Touch nearby neurons, monitor their health, and when certain neurons are injured or in trouble microglial cells migrate toward them. Microglial cells turn into a special type of macrophage that phagocytozises the microorganisms or neuronal debris. (good because immune system has limited access to CNS)

201
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Many are ciliated. Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they form a fairly permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and the tissue fluid bathing the cells of the CNS

First Year First Semester (14 decks)

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