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First Year First Semester > Psychology Chapters 1&2 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapters 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mind

A

The private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.

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2
Q

Behaviour

A

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

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3
Q

Nativism

A

The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

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4
Q

Philosophical empiricism

A

The view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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5
Q

Phrenology

A

A now discredited theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain

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6
Q

Physiology

A

The study of biological processes, especially in the human body

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7
Q

Stimulus

A

Sensory input from the environment

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8
Q

Reaction time

A

The amount of time takes to respond to a specific stimulus

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9
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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10
Q

Structuralism

A

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

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11
Q

Introspection

A

The subjective observation of one’s own experience

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

The study of how mental processes enable people to adapt to their environments

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Charles Darwin’s theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

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14
Q

Hysteria

A

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

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15
Q

Unconscious

A

The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

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16
Q

Psychoanalytical theory

A

An approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviour

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

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18
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

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19
Q

Behaviourism

A

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour

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20
Q

Response

A

An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

The consequences of a behaviour determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again

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22
Q

Illusions

A

Errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

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23
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

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24
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

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25
Q

Behavioural neuroscience

A

An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

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26
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

The field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

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27
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

A psychological approach that explains mind and behaviour in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

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28
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality

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29
Q

Cultural psychology

A

The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

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30
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of mind and behaviour

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31
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

32
Q

Scientific method

A

A procedure for finding truth by using empirical evidence

33
Q

Theory

A

A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

34
Q

Hypothesis

A

A falsifiable prediction made by a theory

35
Q

Empirical method

A

A set of rules and techniques for observation

36
Q

Operational definition

A

A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms

37
Q

Instrument

A

Anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers

38
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a concrete event defines a property

39
Q

Reliability

A

The tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

40
Q

Power

A

An instrument’s ability to detect small magnitudes of the property

41
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

42
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

43
Q

Double-blind observation

A

A technique whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed

44
Q

Frequency distribution

A

A graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made

45
Q

Normal distribution

A

A mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions

46
Q

Mode

A

The value of the most frequently observed measurement

47
Q

Mean

A

The average value of all the measurements

48
Q

Median

A

The value that is in the middle, that is, greater than or equal to half the measurements and less than or equal to half the measurements

49
Q

Range

A

The value of the largest measurement in frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement

50
Q

Standard deviation

A

A statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution

51
Q

Variable

A

A property whose value can vary across individuals over time

52
Q

Correlation

A

Two variables are said to “be correlated” when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other

53
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation, which is symbolized by the letter “r”

54
Q

Natural correlation

A

A correlation observed in the world around us

55
Q

Third-variable correlation

A

Two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable

56
Q

Matched samples technique

A

A technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable

57
Q

Matched pairs technique

A

A technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable

58
Q

Third variable problem

A

The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation

59
Q

Experiment

A

A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables

60
Q

Manipulation

A

Changing a variable in order to determine its causal power

61
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment

62
Q

Experimental group

A

The group of participants who are exposed to a particular manipulation, compared with the control group, in an experiment

63
Q

Control group

A

The group of participants who are not exposed to a particular manipulation, compared with the experimental group, in an experiment

64
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured in a study

65
Q

Self-selection

A

A problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group

66
Q

Random assignment

A

A procedure that lets chance assign participants to the experimental or control group

67
Q

Internal validity

A

An attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

68
Q

External validity

A

An attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way

69
Q

Population

A

A complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured

70
Q

Sample

A

A partial collection of people drawn from from a population

71
Q

Case method

A

A procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual

72
Q

Random sampling

A

A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

73
Q

Direct replication

A

An experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample

74
Q

Informed consent

A

A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail

75
Q

Debriefing

A

A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

First Year First Semester (14 decks)

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