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First Year First Semester > Psychology Chapters 1&2 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapters 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mind

A

The private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.

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2
Q

Behaviour

A

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

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3
Q

Nativism

A

The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

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4
Q

Philosophical empiricism

A

The view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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5
Q

Phrenology

A

A now discredited theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain

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6
Q

Physiology

A

The study of biological processes, especially in the human body

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7
Q

Stimulus

A

Sensory input from the environment

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8
Q

Reaction time

A

The amount of time takes to respond to a specific stimulus

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9
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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10
Q

Structuralism

A

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

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11
Q

Introspection

A

The subjective observation of one’s own experience

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

The study of how mental processes enable people to adapt to their environments

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Charles Darwin’s theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

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14
Q

Hysteria

A

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

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15
Q

Unconscious

A

The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

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16
Q

Psychoanalytical theory

A

An approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviour

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

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18
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

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19
Q

Behaviourism

A

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour

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20
Q

Response

A

An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

The consequences of a behaviour determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again

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22
Q

Illusions

A

Errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

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23
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

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24
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

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25
Behavioural neuroscience
An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes
26
Cognitive neuroscience
The field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity
27
Evolutionary psychology
A psychological approach that explains mind and behaviour in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
28
Social psychology
The study of the causes and consequences of sociality
29
Cultural psychology
The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
30
Psychology
The scientific study of mind and behaviour
31
Empiricism
The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
32
Scientific method
A procedure for finding truth by using empirical evidence
33
Theory
A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon
34
Hypothesis
A falsifiable prediction made by a theory
35
Empirical method
A set of rules and techniques for observation
36
Operational definition
A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms
37
Instrument
Anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers
38
Validity
The extent to which a concrete event defines a property
39
Reliability
The tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing
40
Power
An instrument's ability to detect small magnitudes of the property
41
Demand characteristics
Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
42
Naturalistic observation
A technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
43
Double-blind observation
A technique whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed
44
Frequency distribution
A graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made
45
Normal distribution
A mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions
46
Mode
The value of the most frequently observed measurement
47
Mean
The average value of all the measurements
48
Median
The value that is in the middle, that is, greater than or equal to half the measurements and less than or equal to half the measurements
49
Range
The value of the largest measurement in frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement
50
Standard deviation
A statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution
51
Variable
A property whose value can vary across individuals over time
52
Correlation
Two variables are said to "be correlated" when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
53
Correlation coefficient
A mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation, which is symbolized by the letter "r"
54
Natural correlation
A correlation observed in the world around us
55
Third-variable correlation
Two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable
56
Matched samples technique
A technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable
57
Matched pairs technique
A technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable
58
Third variable problem
The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation
59
Experiment
A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
60
Manipulation
Changing a variable in order to determine its causal power
61
Independent variable
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment
62
Experimental group
The group of participants who are exposed to a particular manipulation, compared with the control group, in an experiment
63
Control group
The group of participants who are not exposed to a particular manipulation, compared with the experimental group, in an experiment
64
Dependent variable
The variable that is measured in a study
65
Self-selection
A problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group
66
Random assignment
A procedure that lets chance assign participants to the experimental or control group
67
Internal validity
An attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships
68
External validity
An attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way
69
Population
A complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured
70
Sample
A partial collection of people drawn from from a population
71
Case method
A procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual
72
Random sampling
A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
73
Direct replication
An experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample
74
Informed consent
A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail
75
Debriefing
A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

First Year First Semester (14 decks)

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