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First Year First Semester > Bio Lab > Flashcards

Bio Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves outside of the CNS

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells excited by stimuli to transmit nerve impulses throughout the body

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body

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6
Q

Axon(s)

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

Aka Glial Cells:
Supporting cells that carry out a variety of functions related to creating and maintaining an appropriate environment for neurons.

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8
Q

Schwann cells

A

Make up the myelin sheath

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9
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Consists of layers of cell membrane insulating neurons from electrical impulses of neighboring neurons increasing transmission speed

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10
Q

White matter

A

Consists mostly of myelinated axons

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11
Q

Gray matter

A

Consists of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and other neural cells

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12
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Unmyelinated gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

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13
Q

Meninges

A

Three connective tissue membranes inside the skull

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14
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost meninx that is tough and leathery

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15
Q

Arachnoid

A

The middle meninx that is a thin delicate membrane bridging the sulci and covering many small blood vessels

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16
Q

Pia mater

A

A thin vascular membrane applied closely to the surface of the brain; innermost meninx and lies deep to the blood vessels within the folds of the sulci

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17
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain

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18
Q

Cortex

A

Outer part of the cerebrum that is convoluted, or folded, and consists of gray matter

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19
Q

Gyri

A

Raised sections of the cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Fissures

A

The deep depressions of the cerebral cortex

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21
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow depressions of the cerebral cortex

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22
Q

Longitudinal fissures

A

Divides the two cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A bridge of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres

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24
Q

Cerebellum

A

The second largest part of the brain that is more convoluted than the cerebrum and has only one lobe

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25
Q

Brain stem

A

Connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum to the spinal cord

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26
Q

The medulla oblongata

A

The posterior part of the brain stem and is continuous with the spinal cord

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27
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Extensions of the brain that lie above the nasal cavity

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28
Q

Olfactory nerves

A

Extend from the roof of the nasal cavity from synapses with neurons in the olfactory bulbs

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29
Q

Olfactory tracts

A

Carry impulses from olfactory neurons to the cerebrum

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30
Q

Optic chiasma

A

A white cross, posterior to the olfactory tracts where some of the fibers from each optic nerve cross over to the opposite side of the cerebrum

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31
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Connected to the main body of the brain by the pituitary stalk.

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32
Q

Pons

A

A rounded bulge in the brain stem, posterior to the pituitary gland. It functions as a bridge connecting the spinal cord with the brain, and parts of the brain with each other: a relay centre for impulses within the brain and between parts of the brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The area of the brain stem immediately posterior to the pons and regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and other basal functions

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34
Q

Cerebral cortex (function)

A

Contains sensory areas which interpret sensory impulses, motor areas which control muscular movement, and associations areas concerned with emotional and intellectual processes

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35
Q

Thalamus

A

A “central sorting area”: receives sensory impulses and relays them to the appropriate regions of the brain

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36
Q

Pineal gland

A

A small mass of tissue attached to the thalamus; secretes the hormone melatonin in response to changing day length

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37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms, emotions, and behaviour, and secreting the hormones ADH and oxytocin. Also controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system

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38
Q

Arbor vitae

A

A white ‘tree-like’ pattern of myelinated nerve fibres in the cerebellum

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39
Q

Ventricles

A

Four, fluid-filled, interconnected cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

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40
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Circulates around and within the central nervous system

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41
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Two ventricles that lie deep in the cerebral hemispheres

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42
Q

Third ventricle

A

Located at the level of the thalamus

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43
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Located in the brain stem just anterior to the cerebellum

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44
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles containing the axons of neurons wrapped in layers of protective connective tissue

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45
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Bundles of neurons that connect tissues directly to the brain, passing through foramina (tiny holes) in the skull, instead of transmitting through the spinal cord

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46
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Name: Olfactory
Type: Sensory
Location (Dendrite to axon): Nose-olfactory bulb-cortex
Function(s): Smell

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47
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Name: Optic
Type: Sensory
Location (Dendrite to axon): Eye-thalamus
Function(s): Vision

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48
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Name: Vagus
Type: Mixed
Function(s):
- Sensory = Blood pressure and gas levels
- Motor = Swallowing, voice, coughing, digestion, heart rate, breathing, etc.

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49
Q

Stretch reflexes

A

Elicited by sharply tapping (percussing) an appropriate tendon or muscle (jerk/myotactic reflexes). Receptors for these reflexes located in the muscle (not tendon). Tapping pulls muscle which stretches, stretching activates the muscle spindle, which triggers the reflex

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50
Q

Superficial reflexes

A

Withdrawal reflexes elicited by noxious or tactile stimulation. Also called cutaneous reflexes. Instead of percussion, skin is stroked or scratched to induce a response

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51
Q

Biceps reflex

A

Stretch reflex which causes flexion of the forearm. Elicited by tapping the tendon of the biceps brachii.

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52
Q

Triceps reflex

A

Causes extension of the forearm in normal individuals. To demonstrate, have the subject flex their arm at the elbow, holding the wrist with the palm facing toward the body. Strike the triceps brachii tendon. Functions through the C7 and C8 spinal nerves

53
Q

Patellar reflex

A

Monosynaptic reflex where the patellar tendon is struck resulting in a knee jerk

54
Q

Clonus

A

Characterized by a succession of jerk-like contractions that follow the normal response and persist for a period of time. This is a manifestation of hyperreflexia and indicates damage to CNS

55
Q

Plantar reflex

A

Superficial reflex; In a normal adult, stroking the sole of the foot elicits plantar flexion of the toes. Certain types of damage to the pyramidal tract results in dorsiflexion of the great toe and spreading of the other toes.

56
Q

Retina

A

Where the photoreceptor neurons are found

57
Q

Rods and cones

A

Functional units of mammalian sight
Rods - Black and white in low light
Cones - Colour in bright light

58
Q

Lens

A

Focuses image on the retina

59
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in the eye light passes through

60
Q

Cornea

A

Clear part of the eye

61
Q

Iris

A

A muscular ring that control how much light enters the eye

62
Q

Fovea

A

Part of the eye that contains only cones where vision is the sharpest

63
Q

Blind spot

A

Spot that have no photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve connects to the eye

64
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness: Image focused in front of the retina

65
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness: Image focused behind the retina

66
Q

Astigmatism

A

A condition in which the eye is not completely round. The light is bent in only one direction

67
Q

Glaucoma

A

Damage to the optic nerve due to buildup in pressure within the eye

68
Q

Cataracts

A

Clouding of the lens (with age)

69
Q

Conjuctivitis

A

Pink eye: Inflammation of the white of the eye and inner surface of the eyelid

70
Q

Tympianic membrane

A

Eardrum: Conducts vibrations to the ossicles

71
Q

Middle ear ossicles

A

Melleus, incus, and stapes: Carries vibrations to the surface of the oval window

72
Q

Oval window

A

Amplifies sound waves and conducts them to the chochlea

73
Q

Chochlea

A

Snail-shaped; detects sounds waves and interprets them into neural signals through hairs

74
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Connects the throat to the middle ear and is involved in static equilibrium

75
Q

Saccule and utricle

A

Detects static equilibrium (head position) Located in the vestibule

76
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Detects dynamic equilibrium through fluid in the canals bending hair cells starting a membrane potential

77
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

78
Q

Leukocytes

A

Protect the body against infections and disease

79
Q

Platelets

A

Responsible for blood clotting

80
Q

Blood

A

A unique type of connective tissue

81
Q

Blood plasma

A

The fluid matrix of the blood

82
Q

Hematology

A

Study of blood and hematological information

83
Q

Hematocrit

A

Useful measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Also called Packed cell volume (PCV)

84
Q

Buffy coat

A

White blood cells and platelets on top of the red blood cells and the plasma at the top of the tube in a hematocrit

85
Q

Anemia

A

A condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood

86
Q

Polycythemia

A

A condition characterized by higher than normal red blood cell counts, may be due to living at high altitudes, chronic lung disorders, congenital heart defects, or red marrow malignancy

87
Q

Antigens

A

Special combination of specialized molecules on the surfaces of of a person’s cells to help the body determine whether the cell they are attached to either belongs to the body or is foreign

88
Q

Antibody

A

Produced by the immune system to bind foreign antigens that make it into one’s body

89
Q

Agglutination

A

When the reacted antigens and antibodies clump together typically preceding the destruction of the foreign material

90
Q

Neutrophils

A

Have a multi-lobed nucleus and pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules. Phagocytize bacteria

91
Q

Eosinophils

A

Have a bi-lobed nucleus and red cytoplasmic granules. Defend body against parasitic worms and have roles in allergic responses and allergies

92
Q

Basophils

A

Have a bi-lobed nucleus and purplish-black cytoplasmic granules. Produces histamine to initiate inflammation response

93
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Large spherical nucleus that occupies most of the pale blue cytoplasm. Function in the lymphatic system to either bind and recognize virus-infected or tumour cells (T lymphocytes) or produce antibodies (B lymphocytes)

94
Q

Monocytes

A

Large cells with kidney or U-shaped nucleus and a large pale blue cytoplasm. Can become macrophages to phagocytize foreign objects

95
Q

Leukocytosis

A

When the total number of leukocytes in an adult exceeds 11000 per mm^3

96
Q

Leukopenia

A

Opposite of leukocytosis - White blood cell counts may be substantially lower than 4800 per mm^3

97
Q

Neutrophilia

A

High neutrophil counts; may signal localized infections such as appendicitis or abscesses

98
Q

Neutropenia

A

A condition in which there is a marked decrease in the numbers of neutrophils

99
Q

Eosinophilia

A

An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood

100
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

High lympohcyte counts

101
Q

Blood group AB

A

Antigens: AB
Antibodies: none
Receive: Universal

102
Q

Blood group B

A

Antigens: B
Antibodies: Anti-A
Receive: B + O

103
Q

Blood group A

A

Antigens: A
Antibodies: Anti-B
Receive: A + O

104
Q

Blood group O

A

Antigens: none
Antibodies: Anti A+B
Receive: Only O

105
Q

RBC Count

A

The number of cells counted x the dilution factor

106
Q

Auscultation of Heart

A

Listening to heart sounds through a stethoscope

can detect murmurs

107
Q

Aortic semilunar valve auscultation

A

R 2nd intercostal space

108
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve auscultation

A

L 2nd intercostal space

109
Q

R AV valve auscultation

A

L 5th intercostal space

110
Q

LAV valve auscultation

A

R 5th intercostal space

111
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Provides information about heart rate, rhythm, myocardium state, precence/absence of hypertrophy, ischemia, or necrosis, and abnormalities in conduction and distribution
Detects potential difference following SA node contraction

112
Q

P wave

A

Voltage change due to depolarization of atria prior to contraction

113
Q

QRS waves

A

Depolarization of ventricles

114
Q

T-reduction waves

A

Repolarization of ventircles

115
Q

Blood pressure

A

Heart’s pumping efficiency and blood vessels condition

Measured at brachial artery

116
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Ventricle contraction

117
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Relaxed heart muscles

118
Q

Hypertention

A

Occurs when arteries lose elasticity

119
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

120
Q

Air pathway

A 
1 - Nostril
2 - Nasal cavity
3 - Paranasal sinuses (warmed, moistened, filtered)
4 - Pharynx
5 - Epiglottis
6 - Trachea
7 - Bronchi
8 - Bronchiole
9 - Alveoli
121
Q

External respiration

A

Oxygen diffuses from lungs to blood and CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs

122
Q

Internal respiration

A

O2 diffuses from blood to tissues, CO2 diffuses from tissues to blood

123
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs

124
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that one can expire beyond total volume

125
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Air remaining in alveoli/airways after ERV is exhaled

126
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air a person can expel after a max inhalation

127
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air one can inspire beyond tindal volume

128
Q

Minute Ventilation

A

Amount of tidal volume that passes in and out of the lungs

129
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

Amount of air that reaches the alveoli: some air stays in conducting passageways

First Year First Semester (14 decks)

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