Bio Lab Flashcards
1
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
2
Q
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
A
Nerves outside of the CNS
3
Q
Neurons
A
Nerve cells excited by stimuli to transmit nerve impulses throughout the body
4
Q
Cell body
A
Contains the nucleus
5
Q
Dendrites
A
Conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body
6
Q
Axon(s)
A
Conduct impulses away from the cell body
7
Q
Neuroglia
A
Aka Glial Cells:
Supporting cells that carry out a variety of functions related to creating and maintaining an appropriate environment for neurons.
8
Q
Schwann cells
A
Make up the myelin sheath
9
Q
Myelin sheath
A
Consists of layers of cell membrane insulating neurons from electrical impulses of neighboring neurons increasing transmission speed
10
Q
White matter
A
Consists mostly of myelinated axons
11
Q
Gray matter
A
Consists of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and other neural cells
12
Q
Nodes of Ranvier
A
Unmyelinated gaps between adjacent Schwann cells
13
Q
Meninges
A
Three connective tissue membranes inside the skull
14
Q
Dura mater
A
Outermost meninx that is tough and leathery
15
Q
Arachnoid
A
The middle meninx that is a thin delicate membrane bridging the sulci and covering many small blood vessels
16
Q
Pia mater
A
A thin vascular membrane applied closely to the surface of the brain; innermost meninx and lies deep to the blood vessels within the folds of the sulci
17
Q
Cerebrum
A
Largest portion of the brain
18
Q
Cortex
A
Outer part of the cerebrum that is convoluted, or folded, and consists of gray matter
19
Q
Gyri
A
Raised sections of the cerebral cortex
20
Q
Fissures
A
The deep depressions of the cerebral cortex
21
Q
Sulci
A
Shallow depressions of the cerebral cortex
22
Q
Longitudinal fissures
A
Divides the two cerebral hemispheres
23
Q
Corpus callosum
A
A bridge of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres
24
Q
Cerebellum
A
The second largest part of the brain that is more convoluted than the cerebrum and has only one lobe
25
Brain stem
Connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum to the spinal cord
26
The medulla oblongata
The posterior part of the brain stem and is continuous with the spinal cord
27
Olfactory bulbs
Extensions of the brain that lie above the nasal cavity
28
Olfactory nerves
Extend from the roof of the nasal cavity from synapses with neurons in the olfactory bulbs
29
Olfactory tracts
Carry impulses from olfactory neurons to the cerebrum
30
Optic chiasma
A white cross, posterior to the olfactory tracts where some of the fibers from each optic nerve cross over to the opposite side of the cerebrum
31
Pituitary gland
Connected to the main body of the brain by the pituitary stalk.
32
Pons
A rounded bulge in the brain stem, posterior to the pituitary gland. It functions as a bridge connecting the spinal cord with the brain, and parts of the brain with each other: a relay centre for impulses within the brain and between parts of the brain and spinal cord
33
Medulla oblongata
The area of the brain stem immediately posterior to the pons and regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and other basal functions
34
Cerebral cortex (function)
Contains sensory areas which interpret sensory impulses, motor areas which control muscular movement, and associations areas concerned with emotional and intellectual processes
35
Thalamus
A "central sorting area": receives sensory impulses and relays them to the appropriate regions of the brain
36
Pineal gland
A small mass of tissue attached to the thalamus; secretes the hormone melatonin in response to changing day length
37
Hypothalamus
Plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms, emotions, and behaviour, and secreting the hormones ADH and oxytocin. Also controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system
38
Arbor vitae
A white 'tree-like' pattern of myelinated nerve fibres in the cerebellum
39
Ventricles
Four, fluid-filled, interconnected cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
40
Cerebrospinal fluid
Circulates around and within the central nervous system
41
Lateral ventricles
Two ventricles that lie deep in the cerebral hemispheres
42
Third ventricle
Located at the level of the thalamus
43
Fourth ventricle
Located in the brain stem just anterior to the cerebellum
44
Nerves
Bundles containing the axons of neurons wrapped in layers of protective connective tissue
45
Cranial nerves
Bundles of neurons that connect tissues directly to the brain, passing through foramina (tiny holes) in the skull, instead of transmitting through the spinal cord
46
Cranial nerve I
Name: Olfactory
Type: Sensory
Location (Dendrite to axon): Nose-olfactory bulb-cortex
Function(s): Smell
47
Cranial nerve II
Name: Optic
Type: Sensory
Location (Dendrite to axon): Eye-thalamus
Function(s): Vision
48
Cranial nerve X
Name: Vagus
Type: Mixed
Function(s):
- Sensory = Blood pressure and gas levels
- Motor = Swallowing, voice, coughing, digestion, heart rate, breathing, etc.
49
Stretch reflexes
Elicited by sharply tapping (percussing) an appropriate tendon or muscle (jerk/myotactic reflexes). Receptors for these reflexes located in the muscle (not tendon). Tapping pulls muscle which stretches, stretching activates the muscle spindle, which triggers the reflex
50
Superficial reflexes
Withdrawal reflexes elicited by noxious or tactile stimulation. Also called cutaneous reflexes. Instead of percussion, skin is stroked or scratched to induce a response
51
Biceps reflex
Stretch reflex which causes flexion of the forearm. Elicited by tapping the tendon of the biceps brachii.
52
Triceps reflex
Causes extension of the forearm in normal individuals. To demonstrate, have the subject flex their arm at the elbow, holding the wrist with the palm facing toward the body. Strike the triceps brachii tendon. Functions through the C7 and C8 spinal nerves
53
Patellar reflex
Monosynaptic reflex where the patellar tendon is struck resulting in a knee jerk
54
Clonus
Characterized by a succession of jerk-like contractions that follow the normal response and persist for a period of time. This is a manifestation of hyperreflexia and indicates damage to CNS
55
Plantar reflex
Superficial reflex; In a normal adult, stroking the sole of the foot elicits plantar flexion of the toes. Certain types of damage to the pyramidal tract results in dorsiflexion of the great toe and spreading of the other toes.
56
Retina
Where the photoreceptor neurons are found
57
Rods and cones
Functional units of mammalian sight
Rods - Black and white in low light
Cones - Colour in bright light
58
Lens
Focuses image on the retina
59
Pupil
Hole in the eye light passes through
60
Cornea
Clear part of the eye
61
Iris
A muscular ring that control how much light enters the eye
62
Fovea
Part of the eye that contains only cones where vision is the sharpest
63
Blind spot
Spot that have no photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve connects to the eye
64
Myopia
Nearsightedness: Image focused in front of the retina
65
Hyperopia
Farsightedness: Image focused behind the retina
66
Astigmatism
A condition in which the eye is not completely round. The light is bent in only one direction
67
Glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve due to buildup in pressure within the eye
68
Cataracts
Clouding of the lens (with age)
69
Conjuctivitis
Pink eye: Inflammation of the white of the eye and inner surface of the eyelid
70
Tympianic membrane
Eardrum: Conducts vibrations to the ossicles
71
Middle ear ossicles
Melleus, incus, and stapes: Carries vibrations to the surface of the oval window
72
Oval window
Amplifies sound waves and conducts them to the chochlea
73
Chochlea
Snail-shaped; detects sounds waves and interprets them into neural signals through hairs
74
Eustachian tube
Connects the throat to the middle ear and is involved in static equilibrium
75
Saccule and utricle
Detects static equilibrium (head position) Located in the vestibule
76
Semicircular canals
Detects dynamic equilibrium through fluid in the canals bending hair cells starting a membrane potential
77
Erythrocytes
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body
78
Leukocytes
Protect the body against infections and disease
79
Platelets
Responsible for blood clotting
80
Blood
A unique type of connective tissue
81
Blood plasma
The fluid matrix of the blood
82
Hematology
Study of blood and hematological information
83
Hematocrit
Useful measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
| Also called Packed cell volume (PCV)
84
Buffy coat
White blood cells and platelets on top of the red blood cells and the plasma at the top of the tube in a hematocrit
85
Anemia
A condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood
86
Polycythemia
A condition characterized by higher than normal red blood cell counts, may be due to living at high altitudes, chronic lung disorders, congenital heart defects, or red marrow malignancy
87
Antigens
Special combination of specialized molecules on the surfaces of of a person's cells to help the body determine whether the cell they are attached to either belongs to the body or is foreign
88
Antibody
Produced by the immune system to bind foreign antigens that make it into one's body
89
Agglutination
When the reacted antigens and antibodies clump together typically preceding the destruction of the foreign material
90
Neutrophils
Have a multi-lobed nucleus and pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules. Phagocytize bacteria
91
Eosinophils
Have a bi-lobed nucleus and red cytoplasmic granules. Defend body against parasitic worms and have roles in allergic responses and allergies
92
Basophils
Have a bi-lobed nucleus and purplish-black cytoplasmic granules. Produces histamine to initiate inflammation response
93
Lymphocytes
Large spherical nucleus that occupies most of the pale blue cytoplasm. Function in the lymphatic system to either bind and recognize virus-infected or tumour cells (T lymphocytes) or produce antibodies (B lymphocytes)
94
Monocytes
Large cells with kidney or U-shaped nucleus and a large pale blue cytoplasm. Can become macrophages to phagocytize foreign objects
95
Leukocytosis
When the total number of leukocytes in an adult exceeds 11000 per mm^3
96
Leukopenia
Opposite of leukocytosis - White blood cell counts may be substantially lower than 4800 per mm^3
97
Neutrophilia
High neutrophil counts; may signal localized infections such as appendicitis or abscesses
98
Neutropenia
A condition in which there is a marked decrease in the numbers of neutrophils
99
Eosinophilia
An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood
100
Lymphocytosis
High lympohcyte counts
101
Blood group AB
Antigens: AB
Antibodies: none
Receive: Universal
102
Blood group B
Antigens: B
Antibodies: Anti-A
Receive: B + O
103
Blood group A
Antigens: A
Antibodies: Anti-B
Receive: A + O
104
Blood group O
Antigens: none
Antibodies: Anti A+B
Receive: Only O
105
RBC Count
The number of cells counted x the dilution factor
106
Auscultation of Heart
Listening to heart sounds through a stethoscope
| can detect murmurs
107
Aortic semilunar valve auscultation
R 2nd intercostal space
108
Pulmonary semilunar valve auscultation
L 2nd intercostal space
109
R AV valve auscultation
L 5th intercostal space
110
LAV valve auscultation
R 5th intercostal space
111
Electrocardiogram
Provides information about heart rate, rhythm, myocardium state, precence/absence of hypertrophy, ischemia, or necrosis, and abnormalities in conduction and distribution
Detects potential difference following SA node contraction
112
P wave
Voltage change due to depolarization of atria prior to contraction
113
QRS waves
Depolarization of ventricles
114
T-reduction waves
Repolarization of ventircles
115
Blood pressure
Heart's pumping efficiency and blood vessels condition
| Measured at brachial artery
116
Systolic pressure
Ventricle contraction
117
Diastolic pressure
Relaxed heart muscles
118
Hypertention
Occurs when arteries lose elasticity
119
Pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
120
Air pathway
```
1 - Nostril
2 - Nasal cavity
3 - Paranasal sinuses (warmed, moistened, filtered)
4 - Pharynx
5 - Epiglottis
6 - Trachea
7 - Bronchi
8 - Bronchiole
9 - Alveoli
```
121
External respiration
Oxygen diffuses from lungs to blood and CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs
122
Internal respiration
O2 diffuses from blood to tissues, CO2 diffuses from tissues to blood
123
Tidal Volume (TV)
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs
124
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Amount of air that one can expire beyond total volume
125
Residual Volume (RV)
Air remaining in alveoli/airways after ERV is exhaled
126
Vital Capacity (VC)
Maximum amount of air a person can expel after a max inhalation
127
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Amount of air one can inspire beyond tindal volume
128
Minute Ventilation
Amount of tidal volume that passes in and out of the lungs
129
Alveolar Ventilation
Amount of air that reaches the alveoli: some air stays in conducting passageways
