psychology chapter 3 Flashcards
What are mechanoreceptors? What’s an example?
respond to mechanical disturbances.
1) Pacinians corpuscles- pressure sensors located inside skin that becomes depolarized when pressure is applied, so signal goes up dendrite as graded potentials.
2) auditory hair cell that detects vibrations caused by sound waves in inner ear and also lead to depolarization.
What are chemoreceptors? What’s an example?
respond to particular chemicals.
1) olfactory detect airborne chemicals and allow us t smell.
2) gustatory receptors are autonomic chemorcepectors in walls if carotid.
What are nociceptors?
Pain receptors stimulated by tissue injury. May be somatic or autonomic.
Autonomic- pain receptors do not provide the conscious mind with clear pain information.
what’s referred pain?
illusion of pain from when nerves cross paths with somatic efferent from skin.
What are thermoreceptors?
stimulated by changes in temperature. autonomic and somatic examples.
what are electromagnetic receptors?
stimulated by electromagnetic waves.
ex: rods and cones in retina of eye (photoreceptors)
What are four properties that need to be communicated to CNS?
1) modality
2) location
3) intensity
4) duration
What is proprioception?
refers to awareness of self (body position). ex: muscle spindle to detect muscle stretch.
what’s another name for proprioception?
kinesthetic sense.
where are olfactory receptors?
in roof of nasopharynx
what’s pathway for hearing?
sound waves –> auricle –> external auditory canal –> tympanic membrane –> oval window –> perilymph –> endolymph –> basilar membrane –> auditory hair cells –> tectorial membrane –> neurotransmitters stimulate bipolar auditory neurons –> brain –> perception.
What is pitch?
frequency of sound distinguished depending on which region is stimulated by vibration.
if a sensory neuron leading from the ear to the brain fires an action potential more rapidly, how will the brain perceive this change?
more rapid firing = increase in volume
where are the auditory hair and nerves?
cochlea
what are the components of the equilibrium complex?
semicircular canals: utricle, saccule, ampullae
what is the path of light ?
light through the eye to the cornea -
aqueous humor - through pupil -
lens - vitreous humor - retina -
optic nerve - brain - the occipital lobe
what are the photo receptors?
cones-concentrated in fovea- color and high acuity vision
rods- night vision - periphery of retina- more sensitive to light and movement
How does light stimulate photoreceptors?
photoreceptors are hyper polarized when light goes through –> depolarizes bipolar cell –> stimulate AP in ganglion cell –> optic nerve –> brain.
What is the term for normal vision?
emmetropia
what is the term for nearsightedness? what is the defect? how do you correct it?
myopia- too much refraction at the lens or abnormally long eyeball results in focal length that is too short.
correct with CONCAVE lenses.
what is the term for farsightedness? what is the defect? how do you correct it?
Hyperopia- too little refraction or abnormally short eyeball results in focal length that is too long- correct with CONVEX glasses.
What is presbyopia?
inability to accomodate/ focus.
What is feature detection theory?
explains why a certain are of the brain is activated when looking at a face.
What is parallel processing?
A way for our brain to process vast amounts of visual information quickly and effectively by processing visual stimulus simultaneously- holistic image.
