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Psych > Full Exam #3 > Flashcards

Full Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

A

During early adulthood most individuals pass through a period of conflict between intimacy and isolation that must be resolved successfully.

1) trust v. mistrust
2) autonomy v. shame and doubt
3) initiative v. guilt
4) industry v. inferiority
5) identity v. role confusion
6) intimacy v. isolation
7) generatively v. stagnation
8) integrity v. despair

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2
Q

What are the parts in Freud’s psychosocial theory of development? (three parts + 5 stages)

A
  • Freud’s structural model posits that personality consists of three interworking parts: the id, the ego, and the superego.
  • The five stages of Freud’s psychosexual theory of development include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
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3
Q

What is social cognitive theory?

A

Portions of an individual’s knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences

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4
Q

The incentive theory of motivation?

A

Suggest behavior is motivated by reinforcement or incentives. Compared to other theories, it suggest external drive.

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5
Q

What is hegemony?

A

Leadership or dominance especially by one’s country or social group over others.

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6
Q

What is the Marxist theory of cultural hegemony?

A

Idea that the ruling class can manipulate the value system and more of society so that their view become world views.

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7
Q

How does symbolic interaction explain social change?

A

states that people develop subjective interpretations of events based on their social interactions. Social interactions affect the way in which they construct meaning. - Cooley and Mead

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8
Q

What is symbolic interaction?

A

people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them; and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.

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9
Q

what is structural functionalism?

A

sociological theory that attempts to explain why society functions the way it does by focusing on the relationships between the various social institutions that make up society (e.g., government, law, education, religion, etc).

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10
Q

What is drive reduction theory?

A

Suggest that reducing unpleasant internal subjective feelings of stress and bolstering self esteem with a therapeutic intervention would reduce the likelihood that individual needs to address compulsive (detrimental) behavior (ex: teens need to use SSN).

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11
Q

What is expectancy violation theory?

A

Describes how we react when our expectations are violated.

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12
Q

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Mental stress experienced by a person who simultaneously holds two or more contradiction beliefs, values,…

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13
Q

What is ego depletion?

A

a state when mental resources are low and self control is impaired and can explain lack of impulse control but not development of the impulse/ craving.

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14
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Describes the phenomenon whereby people tend to perform better on simple or well rehearsed tasks when in the presence of other people v. alone.

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15
Q

what is eidetic memory?

A

very detailed graphic memory.

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16
Q

What is shaping?

A

A process by which an individual is reinforced for successive approximations of a target behavior.

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17
Q

What is desensitization?

A

involves gradual increases in stimulus exposure to diminish response.

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18
Q

What is generalization?

A

Broadening of conditioned responses to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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19
Q

What is habituation?

A

Involves continuous exposure to a stimulus in order to eliminate responses elicited by stimulus.

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20
Q

What type of scheduled reinforcement is this:
“If the correct selection was made, the wolf received the food reward. If the choice was incorrect, no food reward was given.”

A

Fixed- ratio schedule

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21
Q

What type of scheduled reinforcement is this:

Hourly pay

A

Fixed- interval

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22
Q

What type of scheduled reinforcement is this: Going to the casino playing the slots

A

Variable- ratios
a slot machine pays out an average win ratio—say five to one—but does not guarantee that every fifth bet (behavior) will be rewarded (reinforcement) with a win.

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23
Q

What type of scheduled reinforcement is this:

You know that you will get a seta amount of the rewards but not how long it will take- like fishing at a lake.

A

variable- ratios

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24
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

states that the just noticeable difference is a constant ratio of stimulus.

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25
Q

What is accomplished by visa-spatial sketchpad?

A

mental rotation and navigation tasks.

26
Q

What are verbal tasks involved in?

A

phonological loop

27
Q

What is episodic buffer involved in?

A

working with information from episodic memory.

28
Q

What is psychosocial development?

A

focus on developmental milestones and overall progression from less advanced states or cognitive abilities.

29
Q

Define self image:

A

one’s persistent mental picture of one’s own appearance, especially observable traits.

30
Q

Define self concept:

A

all encompassing term that include one’s self image and self esteem.

31
Q

Define Self esteem:

A

sense of one’s own value.

32
Q

What is cross sectional study?

A

occurs when people of different ages are compared to one another.

33
Q

What is a cross sequential study?

A

Both longitudinal and cross sectional study.

34
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Combines results of multiple studies on the same topic.

35
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

participants are followed over an extended period of time.

36
Q

What does the absolute threshold refer to?

A

Minimum intensity of stimulus require to detect the stimulus 50% of the time.

37
Q

What does gender inequality refer to?

A

unequal treatment or perceptions of individual based on their gender.

38
Q

What does culture of violence refer to?

A

Americans tendency to resolve issues through violence.

39
Q

What’s applied research?

A

Designed to answer or solve practical problems.

40
Q

What’s basic research?

A

attempts to answer theoretical questions or gather new information.

41
Q

what’s experimental research?

A

Designed to demonstrate cause and effect.

42
Q

What’s correlational research?

A

Design to show a relationship that exists between variables.

43
Q

What’s feminist theory?

A

brings awareness to the ways in which society places men in positions of power over women.

44
Q

what’s structural functionalism?

A

sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

45
Q

what’s social conflict theory?

A

sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.

46
Q

what’s symbolic interactionism?

A

society as the productt of the everyday interactions of individuals.

47
Q

if patient 2 thinks panic attack : “I drew the thought of others noticing how nervous I am. I’m worried that others will think I am weird. I don’t go to meetings anymore.” Then panic attacks for patient 2 act as:

positive punishers
signaling stimulus
discriminatory stimuli
negative punishers

A

Positive punishers
because panic attacks are highly aversive - frequency of patient’s attendance at meetings has decreased as the result of the panic attacks.

48
Q

harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye?

retina, cornea, lens, chores

A

cornea- in direct contact with eyelid.

49
Q

participants in a weight loss program agree to have their BMI measured to track their progress in the program. Among a sample 72 participants, the mean BMI is 30 and median BMI is 25. Which statement provides an accurate description of the sample?

a) more participants had BMI over 25 than a BMI under 25
b) The majority of participants had BMI between 25 and 30.
c) Half of the participants had a BMI over 25 and a half had a BMI under 25
d) More outliers among the participants had a BMI under 25 than BMI over 30

A

c

50
Q

Which finding would support the validity of DMQ measure ?

A

a) a positive correlation between the DMQ scores and CG scores
b) a negative correlation between the DMQ scores and CG scores
c) A positive correlation between the participants’ scores on two different administration of DMQ
d) a negative correlation between participant’s scores on two different administrations of the DMQ

51
Q

If adults performed the block tapping task as a measure of working memory capacity, they would most likely replicate sequences of what length correctly?

a) 9+- 1
b) 7+-2
c) 10 +- 1
d) 16 +- 2

A

b

52
Q

a researcher wants to gain insight into how a social movement organization presents its beliefs to the general public in an effort to attract new members which methodological approach would be most appropriate of this study?

A

conducting a content analysis of the organization’s website.

53
Q

why is the velocity of blood flow slower in capillaries than in arteries?

a) capillary walls are more elastic than arterial walls
b) capillaries have less resistance to blood flow than arteries
c) total cross sectional area of capillaries exceeds that of arteries
d) blood pressure is higher in capillaries than arteries

A

c

54
Q

in beta decay a neutron is converted to a ….

A

proton

55
Q

why is a watt defined as ?

A

J/s = ftlb/s = kgm^2/s^3

56
Q

what is the percent of fused rings in a steroid?

A

4

57
Q

when concentrated urine is being produced, in which of the followin regions of the kidney will the glomerular filtrate reach its highest concentration?

A

medullary portion of the collecting duct

58
Q

enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions by all of the following methods EXCEPT:

a) co-localizing substrates
b) altering local pH
c) altering substrate shape
d) altering substrate primary structure

A

D

59
Q

what bonds link nucleotides?

A

nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide so that the 5’ end has a phosphate and the 3’ end has a hydroxyl group.

60
Q

what is the effect of glucocorticoid on muscles?

A

glucocorticoid act on skeletal muscle causing breakdown of muscle proteins.

61
Q

which of the following is least likely to be a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

a) loss of appetite
b) sweet tasting urine
c) unexplained weight loss
d) fatigue

A

a

based on passage symptoms include frequent urination and catabolism of FA and protein –> result in weight loss, fatigue and sweet tasting urine.

62
Q

Assume that L and M are two unlinked genes that affect hearing. The dominant K allele is necessary for hearing, and the dominant M alleles causes deafness regardless of the other genes present. Given this, what fraction of the offspring of parents with genotype KkMm and Kkmm will most likely be deaf?

A

5/8

10/16 based on punnet squares (two separate because unlinked!)

Psych (9 decks)

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