psych 1 Flashcards
What are the two types of memory?
non declarative(implicit) and declarative(explicit)
What is the expansive memory principle?
The harder to memorize the subject is, the better you memorize it.
How well can you remember something if you only remember how it sounds or look? What is it called?
Shallow processing - short lived memories
what’s another name for deep processing ? what does it entail?
Semantic processing= distribute dmemry - many aspect of a memory spread out thought cortex and actively remembered through association.
priming effect?
presenting related word before memory
typicality effect?
using typical examples increase recall
familiarity effect?
increasing level of familiarity with examples increases recall
true false effect?
true statements verified more quickly than false statements are negated.
category size effect?
recall and verification rate increases if category has few members
You have a list of word. If a word is earlier than other- which word will be remembered first? What is it called?
The earlier one- it’s called Serial position effect.
The latest word you read- Recency effect.
What is the interference effect?
A new memory that is very similar to an old one can interfere with remembrance of the original memory.
How does emotions impact memory?
- strong emotional state= heightened memory
- interference of emotional memory could decrease strength of less emotional memory and increase LTM of concept.
- More detailed
What is the concept of speed repetition?
The more you review something over time, the more you’ll remember.
What is memory decay?
As the strength of the LTM trace increases, the rate of decay decreases. Therefore, more semantic memories, which involve more neuronal interlacing, and have more interconnections with existing memories, decay less rapidly.
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus do?
Curve of forgetting shows that the more you review a concept the less quickly you forget.
Define: amnesia
Partial or total loss of memory- caused by traumatic or physical event (like concussion )
Define: anterograde amnesia
Can’t form new memories after event that caused amnesia
Define: retrograde amnesia
Can’t remember event previous to traumatic event
Define: Dementia
Brain illness or injury that causes memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning - going crazy
Define: Prospective memory
Remembering you have to do a task in the future: “oh I have to do my homework tonight.”
What is it called when you fill in a memory with fake detailed vivid memories?
confabulation
What happens if one is misinformed about the periodic table AFTER being taught the truth about it?
Misinformation effect- you recall the inaccurate, erasing accurate information.
What is it called when you recall an error in which the source of the memory was inaccurate? aka source amnesia
source monitoring effect.
How is the infant brain different from adult brain?
- more synapses
- fewer glial cells
- same # of neurons
How is synaptic pruning involved in development?
as we age, synapses get stronger and others less used and therefore weaker are “cut”
Can brain regain function after CNS injury?
yes - focal stroke example with monkey. no PT–> somatotopic area was reassigned to other areas and grasping function was lost.
PT monkey recruited other area to strengthen and regain grasping ability.
Describe an example of Operant conditioning?
CS= bell
US= food
CR= salivation to the bell
UR= wanting to eat
Acquisition = Dog developing CR to a CS- dog hears bell and associates it with food
If the Conditioned stimulus doesn’t lead to food after a few times, the acquisition will be lost (extinction) but can be regained if CS is followed by US again.
Generalization= hearing another type of bell and salivating
Discrimination= no salivating if there’s a piano playing.
Describe example of conditioning example
US (harmless stimulus) first = stimuli to mantle
CS (harmful)= pinch the gill
UR= sensitive to touch of mantle
CR= contract gill whenever the mantle is touched.
What is the difference between Operant and Classical conditioning?
In contrast to Classical Conditioning, where everything hinges on an instinctual response, in Operant Conditioning everything hinges on consequences (reinforcements or punishments). Subjects voluntarily choose to perform or avoid a behavior because they associate it with a positive or negative consequence.
BOTH ARE associative IMPLICIT behaviors. CLASSICAL requires higher brain functionality.
What are the types of reinforcement or punishment?
positive, negative, primary conditioned
Give an example for positive, negative, primary conditioned reinforcement in this situation:
A woodpecker pecs at a tree-
positive= he pecks and gets ants = pecks more. negative= he pecks, attracts predator so he stops primary= you get nothing out of it but you are satisfied.
What are the four reinforcement schedules?
Fixed ratio,
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval
Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four pianos he tunes. He is on a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
Fixed ratio
Players have no way of knowing how many times they have to play before they win. All they know is that eventually a play will win. This is why slot machines are so effective, and players are often reluctant to quit. There is always the possibility that the next coin they put in will be the winning one. This is an example of ….
Variable ratio
Imagine that you are training a pigeon to peck at a key to receive a food pellet.
You put the bird on a variable-interval 30 (VI-30) schedule. This means that the pigeon will receive reinforcement an average of every 30 seconds. It is important to note that this is an average, however. Sometimes the pigeon might be reinforced after 10 seconds; sometimes it might have to wait 45 seconds.
The key is that the timing is unpredictable.
This is an example of …
Variable interval
You get paid every two weeks… this is an example of …
fixed interval
Give an example of latent learning? What is the limitation
- mice with access to a maze have been shown to “learn” to negotiate the maze on their own, without reinforcement of any kind. Subsequently, when a food reward is offered on the other side of the maze they negotiate the maze to obtain the food. This is a LIMIT on the applicability of associative learning because it shows that various cognitions, ABSENT conditioning, still result in learning. ONLY works for some animals.
What is rule based learning?
Driven by stimulus. CONSCIOUS and intentional. Driven by BOTH the event (stimulus) experienced, AND by language, cognition, or formal reasoning.
What are the four limitations of the applicability of associative learning?
1) Rules based processing requires cognition, language and/ or reasoning.
2) Latent learning- learning happens even without a stimulus.
3) Biological instinct predisposes to some behaviors over others.
4) Reversion of conditioned to instinctive stimulus.
What is Social cognitive theory and what does it include?
Board psychological perspective that attempts to explain behavior, learning, and other phenomena:
- observational learning,
- self efficacy
- situational influences
- cognitive process.
Two rats have been conditioned to press a lever for food. To demonstrate the effect of negative reinforcement on the behavior of the rats, scientists could:
A) deliver a painful shock when the bar is pressed.
B) deliver a painful shock that is removed when the bar is pressed.
C) reward the negative behavior of “not pressing the bar” with a food reward.
D) reward the rats with food when they press the bar.
B) deliver a painful shock that is removed when the bar is pressed.
What is Weber’s law?
Weber’s Law: The minimum just-noticeable-difference (JND) for a stimulus is directly proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus.
T/F?If a person can barely detect a temperature change from 25F to 27F, they will also be able to barely detect a temperature change from 70F to 72F. Explain your answer using Weber’s Law.
False- A change of 2°F represents an 8% change from 25°F but only a 2.8% change from 70°F. A 5.6°F change from 70°F would be necessary
What is JND- just noticeable difference?
The difference threshold (a.k.a., just- noticeable-difference, JND) refers to our ability to discriminate among sensory stimuli of varying intensities. In other words, the difference threshold is determined by how much difference must exist between two stimuli in order to determine that one is more (or less) intense than the other.
What is the Signal detection theory?
basically combines sensory processing and decision making. In the simplest sense, the decision is whether or not a stimulus, or “signal”, is present.
Ex: a mother sleeping through a car alarm but waking up when her child is crying.
what is different between Habituation and sensory adaptation?
Sensory Adaptation is a strictly physiological response, while Habituation is a psychological phenomenon.
ex: sensory adaptation could be us getting used to wearing clothes/ our jeans we don’t feel it as much.
habituation is getting used to waking up at a certain time to get breakfast.. or us used to eating lunch at a specific time.
what is the lens of the human eye? concave or convex?
The lens of the human eye is a converging (convex) lens and therefore always produces a
Positive, Real, Inverted (PRI) image.
What happens to the eye as you attempt to focus on a book very near your face? Do the ciliary muscles contract or relax? Does the curvature of the lens increase or decrease? Does the focal point move outward or inward (i.e., increase or decrease)? Does the power of the lens of the eye increase or decrease?
When looking at a something that is near, the ciliary muscles contract, which causes the lens to become more curved and more thick. This also shortens the eye’s focal length. As it does so, the lens’ refractive power is increased.
What is visual pathway transmission?
Light hits cone- stops releasing glutamate on to ON center bipolar cell’s metabotropic glutamate receptor. ON bipolar cell is able to depolarize and send excitatory glutamate to ON ganglion cell, so they are able to increase firing.
- Light hits cone has ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA) which are receiving less glutamate and hyperpolarize. They send less glutamate to OFF ganglion cell, decreasing firing.
Where is visual cortex?
Visual Cortex = Part of the occipital lobe responsible for processing visual stimuli.
What is parallel processing?
parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality.
What is feature definition?
The ability to detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shape, and angles, requires specialized cells in the brain called feature detectors.
What are the parts of the auditory transmission pathway
1) Hair cells of the inner ear
2) Vestibulocochlear nerve
3) Brain stem
4) Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN): Part of the thalamus
5) Auditory Cortex: Part of the temporal lobe
What are the parts of the olfactory pathway?
Transmission pathway of an olfactory impulse, in order, from the olfactory epithelium to higher-order brain centers.
1) Olfactory Sensory Neurons: Located in the olfactory epithelium of the upper nasal cavity. 2) Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
3) Olfactory Bulb (forebrain)
4) Higher-Order Brain Centers (Various: Amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, etc.)
What are the parts of the taste pathway?
TastePathways:
1) Taste Buds
2) Brain Stem
3) Taste Center in the thalamus.
What is difference between sensation and perception?
- Think of sensation as a physiological process (sensory receptor cells and action potentials).
- Think of perception as a psychological process (making sense of the signal, influenced by experience, bias, etc.)
What is bottom up vs top down processing?
Top-down processing refers to how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems.
Bottom-up processing refers to processing sensory information as it is coming in.
What’s an example of top down processing?
One classic example of top-down processing in action is a phenomenon known as the Stroop effect. In this task, color words are printed in other colors. So, for example, the word “Red” might be printed in blue, the word “Pink” might be printed in white, and so on. Participants are asked to then say the color of the word but not the actual word itself. When reaction times are measured, people are much slower at saying the correct color when the color and word are incongruent.
What’s an example of bottom up processing?
For example, there is a flower at the center of a person’s field. The sight of the flower and all the information about the stimulus are carried from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain. The signal travels in one direction.
What do Gestalt principles encompass?
All Gestalt Principles explain some way in which our minds automatically:
Group individual parts of a stimulus together to make a more organized or pleasing form.
Organize individual parts of a stimulus into familiar patterns.
Fill-in missing parts to create a more logical whole.
What are the ten most cited examples of Gestalt?
Familiarize yourself with two to three examples of each principle.
1) Closure
2) Continuation
3) Common Fate
4) Proximity
5) Similarity
6) Continuity
7) Good Gestalt
8) Symmetry
9) Past Experience
10) Convexity
4) Which concept is LEAST similar to the Gestalt “Principle of Past Experience?” A) schemas B) the spacing effect C) familiarity effect D) priming effect
Spacing effect
What’s an example of typicality effect?
Study subjects were asked to classify animals as either mammals or non- mammals. On average, subjects took longer to classify a whale as a mammal than a lion as a mammal.
Which finding in victims of terrorsit attacks would NOT support the concept of emotional interference?
a) can recall only vague details of the event leading up to the terrorist attacks
b) can vividly recall minute details from terrorist attack
c) cannot remember clothes they were wearing during attack
d) can vividly recall minute details PRIOR to terrorist attack.
D
Presbyopia is an age related condition resulting in difficulty focusing on objects close to eye. This decline in vision can be explained by increased….
rigidity of the lens.
Flashbulb memory v. memory highlight ?
Memory of impactful events like 9/11 whereas memory highlight is highlight of specific memory- like best man speech at wedding.
What’s episodic memory?
Episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge)
What is mechanism of function of inner ear?
Tympanic membrane –> displace sound waves –> displaces malleus –> incus –> state s–> decrease in displacement at oval window compared to displacement at tympanic membrane
Organ of corti?
Resting on the basilar membrane is the organ of Corti, which contains the hair cells that give rise to nerve signals in response to sound vibrations. The Organ of Corti is the structure inside the cochlea that transfers fluid motions into a nerve signal. It does not contain microtubules, nor does it contain cilia.
Images formed on retina of human eye are …
positive, real and inverted.
Holding object close to human eye gradually comes into focus because…..
ciliary muscles are contracting, allowing for increased curvature of the lens.
Light travels through human eye toward retina in what order?
Cornea, queues humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina.
Each time a player miss a free throw he has to do laps. example of?
positive punishment.
Elementary school teacher adds gold start to 90% and up exams.. example of?
positive reinforcement
CEO of company takes bonus away from employees that don’t do well… example of?
Negative punishment.
Pushing the alarm clock button to stop the noise- forcing you to get up is an example of …?
negative reinforcement.
According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, a person giving which reason for moral behavior is at the highest level?
promoting social welfare.
In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:
a) observing the subject’s behavior over a long period of time
b) using a type of reinforcement the experimenter knows the subject usually like
c) depriving subject of some desirable stimulus item for a period of time
d) using novel stimulus that the subject is sure to like.
c
A researcher finds a +.38 correlation between a test of verbal intelligence and a test of spatial intelligence. Speculating about a common factor, “g” the researcher concludes that:
1) performance on both tests is partly determined by “g”
2) the two tests measure different things, which does not include a “g” component
3) both of the tests are excellent measures of “g”
4) that “g” is a statistical artifact with no real world validity.
a
in a study of college students, a correlation was found between those reporting high rate of insomnia and reduced hit rates for detecting the sounds of birds chirping. this represents what type of correlation and what phenomenon was described?
a) positive, signal detection
b) negative signal detection
c) positive difference threshold
d) negative difference threshold
b
