Psychology Ch. 12

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The characteristic thoughts, emotional
responses, and behaviours that are relatively stable
in an individual over time and across circumstances

Question 2

Idiographic Approaches

Answer 2

a way of studying people that focuses on the unique details and experiences of an individual. Instead of trying to find rules that apply to everyone, this method looks closely at one person or a specific situation to understand what makes it different from others. (case study)

Question 3

Nomothetic Approaches

Answer 3

Studying what groups of people have in common. It’s like looking for patterns or general rules that apply to most people, rather than focusing on what makes each person unique.
e.g., inkblot

Question 4

Psychodynamic (freudian- NEO fruedian)

Answer 4

Ego, Superego, ID

Question 5

ID

Answer 5

innate part of ourselves that functions according to pleasure principal - self gratification
e.g., i am hungry and I need to eat.
(baby doesn’t think “i shouldn’t cry” - it will cry.

Question 6

Superego

Answer 6

developes throughout childhood - learning rules about behaving in the world - internalizing all these rules “the right vs. wrong way of doing things” (moral principals)

ID and Superego are opposites

Question 7

Ego

Answer 7

The mediator - reality principal - it mediates between the superego and id – the strongest force usually

Question 8

Defense mechanisms

Answer 8

Unconscious mental strategies that mind uses to protect itself.

Question 9

Carl Jung -Analytical Psych

Answer 9

took freud’s idea of the unconscious and distinguished between the individual unconscious and added on the idea of collective unconscious. - when you look at humanity we all have the same evolutionary history -minds have adapted to deal with things in the same way

Jung believed that all humans have a shared set of memories and ideas that come from our common ancestors. These aren’t personal memories but are more like instincts or intuitive knowledge

Question 10

Karen Horney

Answer 10

(feminist psychology):
emphasis on cultural and social
conditions as a determinant of
personality (rather than instinctual or
biological drives)

Question 11

Humanistic Approaches

Answer 11

Focus on individual potential and stress the importance of growth and self-actualization. This perspective views people as inherently good and motivated by the desire to improve and achieve their fullest potential

Question 12

Carl Rogers

Answer 12

Client centered therapy - helping people reach their full potential

Question 13

Maslow (self actualization)

Answer 13

climbing a personal mountain to become the best version of yourself

Question 14

Self

Answer 14

the totality of the individual, consisting of
all characteristic attributes, conscious and
unconscious, mental and physical

Question 15

Self-concept

Answer 15

People’s description of their own
characteristics (including psychological and
physical characteristics, qualities, skills, etc.)

Question 16

Self-construal

Answer 16

how individuals view themselves, particularly in relation to others around them.
The extent to which the self is
defined independently of others or
interdependently with others

Question 17

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 17

a dynamic dance where you, your behavior, and your environment are in a constant interaction, each influencing and being influenced by the others.

Question 18

Self - efficacy

Answer 18

like the confidence in your own abilities, your belief that you have what it takes to succeed in the challenges life throws at you.

Question 19

Locus of Control

Answer 19

The degree to which people
believe that they (as opposed
to external forces) have
control over the outcome of
events in their lives

Question 20

Internal locus of Control

Answer 20

I can determine my future - I am in control on my life

Question 21

External locus of control

Answer 21

there is nothing I can do about my future - I go with the flow - why bother trying etc..

Question 22

Self-regulation

Answer 22

is the process by which people alter
or change their behaviour to
attain personal goals

Question 23

Self-control

Answer 23

is a process of self-regulation in contexts
involving a clear trade-off between long-term goals and
short-term temptations

Question 24

Personality trait

Answer 24

characteristic; a tendency to act in a certain way
over time and across circumstances

Question 25

Personality type

Answer 25

A classification based on particular configurations of personality traits or other characteristics

Question 26

BIG FIVE THEORY

Answer 26

Openness to experience
C onscientiousness
Extraversion
A greeableness
N euroticism

Question 27

Projective measures

Answer 27

given something open to interpretation, like a word, image, or situation. Psychologists believe your responses can give insights into your personality or hidden thoughts. One famous example is the inkblot test, where what you see in inkblots might say something about you.

Question 28

Objective measures

Answer 28

like the ruler of assessments—clear, precise, and focused on observable facts and figures.

Question 29

self-esteem

Answer 29

like having a supportive inner fan club that cheers you on and helps you navigate life with confidence and resilience.

Question 30

Self-handicapping

Answer 30

a strategy (not a helpful one) where you intentionally make things harder for yourself to have a built-in excuse if things don’t go well