Psychological Disorders (Some Cards Are Not Needed Go Back And Change) Flashcards
1
Q
What is agoraphobia?
A
Fear of open spaces
-30% of people with anxiety have this
2
Q
What is anxiety?
A
Characterized by negative effect, muscle tension, and physical arousal which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune
3
Q
What is biological vulnerability?
A
Specific genetic and neurobiological factor that could predispose someone to anxiety disorders
4
Q
What are external clues?
A
Stimuli in the outside world that could trigger anxiety as a result of past traumatic events
5
Q
What is the fight or flight response?
A
Biological reaction to alarming stressors that prepare the body to resist or escape a threat
6
Q
What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
A
Persistent chronic and unreasonable worry and anxiety, excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety
7
Q
What is interoceptive avoidance?
A
Avoidance of situations or activities that produce sensations of physical arousal similar to those occurring during a panic attack or fear response
8
Q
What are internal bodily or somatic cues?
A
Physical sensations that serve as triggers for anxiety or reminders of past events
9
Q
What is OCD?
A
Presence of repeated intrusive, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts
10
Q
What is Panic Disorder (PD)?
A
Frequent and unexpected panic attacks with no specific trigger
11
Q
What is PTSD?
A
Sense of fear triggered by memories of a past traumatic event that another event might occur
12
Q
What are psychological vulnerabilities?
A
Influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world
13
Q
What is SAD performance only?
A
Social anxiety disorder which is limited to certain situations that the sufferer perceives as requiring some type of performance
14
Q
What is social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
A
Extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations
15
Q
What are specific vulnerabilities?
A
How our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety
16
Q
What is thought-action fusion?
A
Overestimate the relationship between a thought and an action, mistakenly believes a “bad” thought equivalent of a “bad” action
17
Q
What is anhedonia?
A
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities one previously found enjoyable or rewarding
18
Q
What is attributional style?
A
Person infers the cause or meaning of behaviors or events
19
Q
What is chronic stress?
A
Discrete or related problematic events and conditions which persist over time and result in prolonged activation of the biological and/or physical stress response
Ex: unemployment
20
Q
What is early adversity?
A
Single or multiple acute or chronic stressful events which may be biological or psychological in nature
Ex: poverty or abuse
21
Q
What is grandiosity?
A
Inflated self-esteem or exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-worth
Ex: believing one has superpowers
22
Q
What is hypersomnia?
A
Excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty staying away or napping, prolonged sleeping episodes
23
Q
What is psychomotor agitation?
A
Increased motor activity associated with restlessness, including physical actions
Ex: fidgeting or pacing
24
Q
What is psychomotor retardation?
A
Slowing of routine physical activities
Ex: eating, brushing teeth
25
What is suicidal ideation?
Recurring thoughts about suicide, planning for suicide, or preoccupation with suicide
26
What is social zeitgeber?
Zeitgeber is German for “time giver,” environmental cues such as meal time, interactions with other people that entrain biological rhythms and thus sleep-wake cycle regularity
27
What is socioeconomic status?
Economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation
28
What is alogia?
Reduction in the amount of speech or increased pausing before initiation of speech
29
What is catatonia?
Behaviors that seem to reflect a reduction in responsiveness to the external environment
30
What is anhedonia/a motivation?
Reduction in drive or ability to take steps to engage in actions necessary to get a positive outcome
31
What are delusions?
False beliefs that are often fixed, hard to change even in presence of conflicting information, often culturally influenced
32
What are vivid dreams?
Dream that is very clear, and individual can remember the dream in great detail
33
What is trauma?
Event or situation that causes great distress and disruption, creates substantial, lasting damage to psychological development of a person
34
What is a trait?
When a symptom forms part of personality or character
35
What is state?
Symptom is acute or transient, lasting from a few minutes to a few hours
36
What is amnesia?
Memory Loss
37
What is borderline personality disorder?
Instability in personal relationships, self-image, and affects, impulsivity, all-or-nothing thinking, high in neuroticism and emotional stability
Ex: Harley Quinn
38
What are cognitive failures?
Everyday slips and lapses, absent mindedness
39
What is consciousness?
State of being aware of an external object or something within oneself, defined as ability to experience or to feel wakefulness, having sense of self, executive control of the mind
40
What is cross-sectional design?
Research method that involves observation of all population, or representative subset at one specific point in time
41
What is a defensive coping mechanism?
Unconscious process, protects individuals from unacceptable or painful ideas, impulses, or memories
42
What is DES?
Dissassociative Experiences Scale
43
What is DID?
Experiencing two or more distinct identities that take over one’s behavior
44
What is dissociation?
Disruption in usually integrated function of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment
45
What is fantasy proneness?
Extensive fantasy or daydreaming
46
What is the general population?
Sample of people representative to average individual in society
47
What is a mood disorder?
Group of diagnoses where a disturbance in the person’s mood is the primary dysfunction (depression, bipolar)
48
What is prevalence?
Number of cases a specific disorder has present in a population over time
49
What is the self-report measure?
Person fills out a survey with or without the help of an investigator
50
What is positron emission tomography?
Use of radio-labeled ligands to reassure the distribution of different neurotransmitter receptors in the brain or measure how much of a transmitter is released when subject is given a certain type of drug
51
What is neurodevelopmental?
Processes that influence how the brain develops either in uterus or as the child is growing up
52
What is magnetic resonance imaging?
use of strong magnets to measure the structure of the brain or host he brain functions when a person performs cognitive tasks
53
What is the flat affect?
Reduction in the display of emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech intonation
54
What is episodic memory?
Ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life
55
What is the scope, persistence, and effect of GAD?
Scope: when one worry is removed another takes its place
Persistence: can’t turn off the worry, more worry days than not
Effect: sleep difficulties, irritability
56
What is the fear of contamination?
Fear of contamination by dirt, germs, or other toxic substances. Often accompanied by hand-washing or cleaning compulsion
57
What is pathological doubt?
Fear of uncertainty about having accomplished a simple task. Recurring fear that you have inadvertently harmed someone or violated a law. Checking compulsion.
58
What are violent or sexual thoughts (OCD)?
Fear that you have or will harm another person or engage in unacceptable behavior.
59
What is compulsive?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform, do not often result from a desire of something but the avoidance of anxiety
60
What is checking?
Checking repeatedly to see if a simple task has been completed, may take hours
61
What is counting?
Needing to engage in certain behaviors a certain number of times
62
What are the three broad classes of PTSD symptoms?
Re-experiencing trauma, avoidance, and hyper arousal
63
What is psychopathology?
Study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders
64
What are hallucinations?
Auditory and visual are most common, results in maladaptive behavior, inability to perform daily behavior, personal distress about emotional state and behavior
65
What is the stress-diathesis model?
Predisposition to a given disorder perhaps linked to genetics, environmental stressors trigger it
-Environment or genetics not sufficient for developing a disorder
66
What is DSM-5?
Does not use particular theory to explain behavior, descriptive, includes symptoms that need to be met to be diagnosed with a disorder
67
What are anxiety disorders?
Characterized by distress, persistent fear and anxiety as well as maladaptive behaviors
68
What is genetics?
Monozygotic twins more likely to share a phobia than dizygotic twins, agoraphobia and OCD common in families
69
What is biomedical?
Drugs can induce and prevent anxiety
70
What is cognitive/behavioral?
Some phobias can be explained in terms of classical, operant, and observational learning
71
What is a panic attack?
Sudden episode of extreme anxiety that accelerates in intensity
72
What are phobias?
Intense anxiety or panic attack triggered by a specific object or situation, persistent avoidance
73
What are specific phobias?
Excessive, intense, and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided
74
What is personality disorder?
Inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal function, stable over time across situations
75
What is cluster A?
Individual appears odd or eccentric, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
76
What is cluster B?
Individual appears dramatic, emotional, erratic, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
77
What is cluster C?
Anxious or fearful, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
78
What is paranoid personality disorder (A)?
Distrust and suspiciousness, others motives are interpreted as malevolent, defensive, mistrustful, neuroticism and openness
79
What is schizoid personality disorder (A)?
Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expressions, little desire or enjoyment, little interest in sexual intimacy, introverted
Ex: Batman
80
What is schizoid personality disorder (A)?
Discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior, magical or odd beliefs, no close friends, unusual speech, neuroticism, introversion, openness
Ex: Willy Wonka
81
What is antisocial personality disorder (B)?
Disregard for violation of the rights of others with little sign of empathy or remorse, actions are distressful and alarming, unmotivated to change, physically and verbally abusive, high in antagonism and disinhibition
Ex: Joker
82
What is a sociopath?
Violative, sense of morality differs from society, tendency more to social/environmental influences
83
What is histrionic personality disorder (B)?
Excessive emotionality, attention seeking, successful at drawing people in with flirtatiousness but are playing a role, extremely shallow and emotionally immature, high in extraversion
Ex: Jessica Rabbit
84
What is narcissistic personality disorder?
Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy, manipulate others to ensure own needs are met, neuroticism, extraversion, antagonism, conscientiousness
Ex: Lockhart
85
What is avoidant personality disorder (C)?
Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Ex: Charlie Brown
86
What is dependent personality disorder (C)?
Submissive, clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of
Ex: Olaf
87
What is Obsessive-compulsive-personality disorder (C)?
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control
Ex: Sheldon Cooper
88
What is dissociative amnesia?
Extensive forgetting associative with highly aversive events
89
What is dissociative fugue?
Short, reversible amnesia for personal identity
90
What is depersonalization/derealization disorder?
Feeling as though one is an outside observer in their own life
91
What is depersonalization?
Feeling detachment or estrangement from oneself
92
What is derealization?
An alteration in the perception of one’s surroundings
93
What is dissociative amnesia?
Temporary loss of one’s personal memories and identity
94
What is identity confusion?
Uncertainty about one’s true identity
95
What are identity alterations?
Acting out the identity uncertainty
96
What is the post traumatic model (PTM)?
Symptoms reflect strategies to cope with highly aversive experiences, dissociation as a means of escape from painful memories
97
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Excesses or distortions of normal functioning, present in P’s absent in non-effected population
98
What are delusions?
False beliefs that are often fixed and hard to change even when person is presented with conflicting information
99
What are persecutory delusions?
Belief that people or groups are watching them with plans to hurt or do harm
100
What are grandiose delusions?
Belief that you have special power, ability, or identity
101
What are reference delusions?
Belief that events or object have special meanings meant for them
102
What are thought insertion delusions?
Belief that others are controlling their thoughts and actions, thoughts are being broadcast, or that they can read other’s minds
103
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Deficits or decreases in behavior or emotional function
104
What are the emotional symptoms of depression?
Sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt emptiness, worthlessness, emotional disconnection, distancing from people
105
What are the behavioral symptoms of depression?
Less eye contact, sad facial expressions, smile less, slowed movements, speech and gestures, spontaneous crying, loss of interest in activities
106
What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?
Difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering, global negativity and pessimism, suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death
107
What are the physical symptoms of depression?
Appetite changes, insomnia, chronic aches and pains, diminished sexual interest, anxiety, restlessness and fidgeting
108
What is bipolar disorder 1?
Previously manic depression, single or recurrent manic episode, depressive episode not necessary for diagnosis, must cause significant distress or impairment
109
What is bipolar disorder II?
Single or recurrent hypomanic episode and depressive episode, must cause significant distress
110
What are the verbal cues of suicide?
Being a burden, feeling trapped, expressing hopelessness, experiencing unbearable pain
111
What are the behavior cues of suicide?
Exploring methods, withdrawing from activities, recklessness, isolation, giving away prized possessions, unexplained aggression
112
What are mood symptoms of suicide?
Depression, rage, irritability, anxiety humiliation, loss of interest
113
What is bipolar disorder?
Extreme mood swings, episodes of incapacitating depression alternate with episodes of euphoria
114
What are situational factors of suicide?
Stressful life event, prolonged exposure to stressful events, access to drugs and firearms
