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PSYCH 100.015 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cause and Effect

A

Experimental Design is the only way we can prove variables effect each other

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2
Q

What is correlation?

A

If two variables are opposites of one another

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3
Q

What are the elements of correlational design?

A

 There is no manipulating of variables
 Measuring 2 or more variables
 Many factors outside the experiment can influence the results
 Just because there is a relationship doesn’t mean there will be cause and effect

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4
Q

What does no correlation mean?

A

 The variables are not related and a change in one variable does not mean a change in another

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5
Q

What does Positive Correlation mean?

A

 The variables are related and there is a change in the same direction

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6
Q

What does negative correlation mean?

A

 The variables are related and as one changes the other goes in the opposite direction

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7
Q

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

A

 The difference is the things you can and can’t say

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8
Q

What should a hypothesis be?

A

should be testable, can it be tested without violating ethical standards, does it reveal cause and effect?, is it specific

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9
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A

1.) make observation
2.) ask question
3) Form hypothesis
4) design experiment
5-) gather data
6.) analyze data
7) conclusion
8) analyze results

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10
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

testing many hypothesis on a single topic
- Don’t overstate data

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11
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

eliminating other explanations, or getting rid of false hypothesis, will be left with correct explanation, not all can be proven false

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12
Q

What is fruitfulness?

A

Good scientific theory will make specific testable predictions

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13
Q

What is scope?

A

extent to which theory extends beyond current available data, explaining wide range of things, mental short cuts

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14
Q

What is simplicity?

A

when multiple explanations are equally good at explaining data, simplest should be deleted, law of personam

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15
Q

What is consistency?

A

few exceptions shows agree with other theories, within itself, consistent

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16
Q

What is accurateness?

A

match real -world observations, not just in a lab

17
Q

Hypothesis steps

A

predictions on how world works, break into samples -subset of pop., inductive reasoning I dry conclusions from set of specific observations

18
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A
  • 2 hypothesis 1 supports your wrong (null), one is supporting you
  • Null goes against you every time
  • assumption is no relationship between your variables
19
Q

What is case study?

A

used to study ONE individual - but that info might not apply to others, gather narrative not numerical data

20
Q

What is experimental research?

A

used to determine cause/ effect relationship between two variables
- involves deliberately manipulating one factor, called the independent variable
- measures change, of any, that are produced in a second factor, called dependent variable also called outcome variable -manipulating one variable, measuring the other

21
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Influences both the independent and dependent variable

22
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in experiment

23
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

Factor is observed and measured for change in experiment, changes according to independent variable

24
Q

What is the outcome variable?

A

usually the dependent variables which are observed and measured by changing independent variables

25
Q

What is statistical analysis?

A

determine that differences in variables is NOT occurring by chance but is attributed to our manipulations

26
Q

What is the significance level?

A

value set by rosearcher in advance of collecting data, statical statement of how likely obtained results are due to random chance or random Factors

27
Q

What is operationalizing?

A
  • Deciding on the specific measurement for a variable
  • Putting a variable expressly in a measurable numeric form
28
Q

What is operational definition?

A
  • Allows for consistent measurement that other researchers can also use to replicate the study
29
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

 No random assignment of subjects
 IV not controlled by experimenter, but occurs naturally

30
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

Provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group. Means of discovering new means, describing what exists, determining frequency, and categorizing information

31
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Systematic investigation of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect

32
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Objective, systematic, controlled investigation to predict and control phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected variables

33
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Drawing general conclusions from specific observations

34
Q

What is experimental research?

A

-Used to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between two variables
-Deliberately manipulating one factor (IV)
-Measures the changes that are produced in the DV

35
Q

What is the importance of statistics?

A

-Systematically organize and analyze data
-Evaluate data to better understand research topic of interest

36
Q

What is the significance level?

A

-Value set by researchers in advance of data collection
-How likely obtained results are from random chance or random factors

37
Q

What is the p-value?

A

-Probability that ranges from 0-1
-Used to determine if randomness is a factor in the experiment

38
Q

What are levels of significance?

A

-Small p-values indicate strong evidence
-P <.05 means that 95% of the time results will be consistent

39
Q

What are the common p-values?

A

-0.5 or .5%
-.01 or .1%
-.001 or .01%

PSYCH 100.015 (10 decks)

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