Exam 1 Flashcards
Cause and Effect
Experimental Design is the only way we can prove variables effect each other
What is correlation?
If two variables are opposites of one another
What are the elements of correlational design?
There is no manipulating of variables
Measuring 2 or more variables
Many factors outside the experiment can influence the results
Just because there is a relationship doesn’t mean there will be cause and effect
What does no correlation mean?
The variables are not related and a change in one variable does not mean a change in another
What does Positive Correlation mean?
The variables are related and there is a change in the same direction
What does negative correlation mean?
The variables are related and as one changes the other goes in the opposite direction
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
The difference is the things you can and can’t say
What should a hypothesis be?
should be testable, can it be tested without violating ethical standards, does it reveal cause and effect?, is it specific
What are the steps in the scientific method?
1.) make observation
2.) ask question
3) Form hypothesis
4) design experiment
5-) gather data
6.) analyze data
7) conclusion
8) analyze results
What is a scientific theory?
testing many hypothesis on a single topic
- Don’t overstate data
What is falsifiability?
eliminating other explanations, or getting rid of false hypothesis, will be left with correct explanation, not all can be proven false
What is fruitfulness?
Good scientific theory will make specific testable predictions
What is scope?
extent to which theory extends beyond current available data, explaining wide range of things, mental short cuts
What is simplicity?
when multiple explanations are equally good at explaining data, simplest should be deleted, law of personam
What is consistency?
few exceptions shows agree with other theories, within itself, consistent
What is accurateness?
match real -world observations, not just in a lab
Hypothesis steps
predictions on how world works, break into samples -subset of pop., inductive reasoning I dry conclusions from set of specific observations
What is a null hypothesis?
- 2 hypothesis 1 supports your wrong (null), one is supporting you
- Null goes against you every time
- assumption is no relationship between your variables
What is case study?
used to study ONE individual - but that info might not apply to others, gather narrative not numerical data
What is experimental research?
used to determine cause/ effect relationship between two variables
- involves deliberately manipulating one factor, called the independent variable
- measures change, of any, that are produced in a second factor, called dependent variable also called outcome variable -manipulating one variable, measuring the other
What is a confounding variable?
Influences both the independent and dependent variable
What is the independent variable?
purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in experiment
What is the dependent variable?
Factor is observed and measured for change in experiment, changes according to independent variable
What is the outcome variable?
usually the dependent variables which are observed and measured by changing independent variables
What is statistical analysis?
determine that differences in variables is NOT occurring by chance but is attributed to our manipulations
What is the significance level?
value set by rosearcher in advance of collecting data, statical statement of how likely obtained results are due to random chance or random Factors
What is operationalizing?
- Deciding on the specific measurement for a variable
- Putting a variable expressly in a measurable numeric form
What is operational definition?
- Allows for consistent measurement that other researchers can also use to replicate the study
What is a quasi experiment?
No random assignment of subjects
IV not controlled by experimenter, but occurs naturally
What is descriptive research?
Provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group. Means of discovering new means, describing what exists, determining frequency, and categorizing information
What is correlational research?
Systematic investigation of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect
What is experimental research?
Objective, systematic, controlled investigation to predict and control phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected variables
What is inductive reasoning?
Drawing general conclusions from specific observations
What is experimental research?
-Used to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between two variables
-Deliberately manipulating one factor (IV)
-Measures the changes that are produced in the DV
What is the importance of statistics?
-Systematically organize and analyze data
-Evaluate data to better understand research topic of interest
What is the significance level?
-Value set by researchers in advance of data collection
-How likely obtained results are from random chance or random factors
What is the p-value?
-Probability that ranges from 0-1
-Used to determine if randomness is a factor in the experiment
What are levels of significance?
-Small p-values indicate strong evidence
-P <.05 means that 95% of the time results will be consistent
What are the common p-values?
-0.5 or .5%
-.01 or .1%
-.001 or .01%
