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PSYCH 100.015 > Conditioning And Learning > Flashcards

Conditioning And Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

An initially neutral stimulus is PAIRED with an unconditioned stimulus. Result is that the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response.

Key words: Pairing and response, think Dwight with the mint

Considered important as both a behavioral phenomenon and to study associative learning

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2
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

The measurement of observable behavior that happens under the radar (we are not aware of it)

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3
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

Stimulus that elicits a particular response without prior training

Ex: the dog food

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4
Q

What is the unconditioned response?

A

Response that occurs to a stimulus without prior training

Ex: Salivation

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5
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

Does not elicit a particular response initially, but comes to do so as a result of the unconditioned stimulus

Ex: The bell

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6
Q

What is the neutral stimulus?

A

Elicits no particular response

Ex: the metronome

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7
Q

What is the conditioned response?

A

Elicited buy the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus: conditional on being paired with the conditioned stimulus

Ex: Drooling in response to the bell

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Occurs when a behavior is associated with the occurrence of a significant event

Behavior not a stimulus is associated with the occurrence of a specific event

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9
Q

What is an operant behavior?

A

“Operates” with the environment, behavior controlled by its consequences

Ex: rat pulling a lever and the food pellet drops in

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10
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Any consequence of behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

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11
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

A

When a behavior has a positive (satisfying) effect or consequence, it is more likely to be repeated in the future

Responses followed by something pleasant will be strengthened, responses that are followed by discomfort will be weakened

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12
Q

What are punishers?

A

Effects that decrease the likelihood of behaviors

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13
Q

What is a big difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is involuntary (dog doesn’t choose to salivate it just does) and operant conditioning is voluntary (rat chooses to press the lever)

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14
Q

What is taste aversion conditioning?

A

A taste is paired with an unpleasant event (such as getting sick) which causes the organism to reject and dislike that taste in the future

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15
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

The conditioned stimulus is associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus

This comes to provoke fear, rather than a physical response it is emotional

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16
Q

What is a conditioned compensatory response?

A

A conditioned response that opposes the unconditioned response. Functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response

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17
Q

What is blocking?

A

No conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during trials.

Information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning

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18
Q

What is a prediction error?

A

Chance that a conditioned stimulus won’t lead to the expected outcome

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19
Q

What is preparedness?

A

An organisms evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association

20
Q

What is extinction?

A

Decrease in the strength of a learned behavior that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus

21
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction

22
Q

What is the renewal effect?

A

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction

23
Q

What is stimulus control?

A

When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it

24
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

A stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced, “sets the occasion” for the operant response

25
Q

What is categorization?

A

To sort or arrange different items into classes or categories

26
Q

What is the quantitative law of effect?

A

The effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviors

27
Q

What is the reinforcer devaluation effect?

A

Finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made undesirable

28
Q

What is goal-directed behavior?

A

Influenced by the animal’s knowledge of the association between the behavior and its consequence as well as the value of the consequence

29
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by observing the behavior of others

30
Q

What is habit?

A

Occurs automatically in the presence of a stimulus and it no longer influenced by the animals knowledge of the value of the reinforcer

31
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

Individuals can learn novel responses via observation of others’ key behaviors

32
Q

What are social models?

A

Authorities that are targets for observation and who model behaviors

33
Q

What is attention?

A

Pay attention to what one is observing

34
Q

What is retention?

A

To learn one must be able to retain the information being observed

35
Q

What is initiation?

A

Acknowledges that the learner must execute the behavior

36
Q

What is motivation?

A

Must want to engage in observational learning

37
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement of punishment of another person

38
Q

What is Stimulus generalization?

A

Occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well

39
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

Occurrence of a learned response to specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli

40
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus

41
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus

42
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Punishment by presenting a stimulus that weakens the likelihood of a response by presenting an aversive stimulus

Ex: kid gets in trouble and has to do chores

43
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Punishment by removing a stimulus that weakens the likelihood of a response by removing a positive stimulus

Ex: Kid gets in trouble so the phone is taken away

44
Q

What kind of conditioning is where two stimuli are paired together?

A

Classical Conditioning

45
Q

What is the type of learning with an action followed by the consequence of that action?

A

Operant Conditioning

PSYCH 100.015 (10 decks)

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