Personality And Sex Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What best describes the superego?
A
Moralistic, self-evaluative part of the personality
2
Q
What best describes the ego?
A
Understands logic and reality
3
Q
What is it when a person attributes their own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses on another person?
A
Projection
4
Q
According to Eysenck __ tend to seek out stimulating environments
A
Extroverts
5
Q
What is a replacement fantasy?
A
Sexual fantasy about someone other than one’s partner (does not mean that person wants to cheat)
6
Q
What is paraphilia?
A
Sexual disorders that can result in the harming of others
7
Q
What is cisgender?
A
A person that identifies with their own sex
8
Q
What are the stages of sexual arousal?
A
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
9
Q
What is NOT considered a rule regarding sexual consent?
A
It cannot be implied, must be explicit
10
Q
What is intersex?
A
Having reproductive organs that are ambiguous of both sexes
11
Q
What is influenced by culture?
A
Sexual orientation, sex expression, gender roles, and gender identity
12
Q
Rochelle is heterosexual but once had sex with another woman in college, this is an example of…
A
Sexual fluidity
13
Q
What is Alfred Kinsey known for?
A
-Defining the female orgasm
-Using the survey method
-Argued that delaying sex for marital reasons was psychologically damaging
14
Q
What is personality?
A
The ways that people differ from each other
15
Q
What is a personality trait?
A
Basic dimensions on which people differ
16
Q
What is the personality theory?
A
Describes and explains how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique,
17
Q
What are the two major theoretical perspectives on personality?
A
Psychoanalytic perspective, trait perspective
18
Q
What is the ID?
A
Immune to logic, operates to the pleasure principle, motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort, most fundamental human motive
19
Q
What is the ego?
A
Conscious and rational component of personality, understands reality and logic, most in touch with the demands of the external world, mediator between ID and superego, repress desires that can[t be met in an acceptable manner
20
Q
What are self-report advantages?
A
Capitalize on self-knowledge, simple, easy, cost-efficient
21
Q
What is the self-enhancement bias?
A
Reduced reporting of unfavorable characteristics
22
Q
What are the drawbacks of self-reporting?
A
High-stakes testing, self-raters may be motivated to present themselves favorably
23
Q
What are reference group effects?
A
Comparing yourself to friend group rather than the general population
24
Q
What is openness?
A
Fantasy prone, open to feelings, diverse behaviors, new/different ideas, open to various values and beliefs
25
What is conscientiousness?
Competent, orderly, dutiful, achievement-oriented, self-disciplined, deliberate
26
What is extraversion?
Gregarious, warm, assertive, active, excitement-seeking, positive emotionally
27
What are continuous distributions?
Can go from low to high, with all different values possible, one does not have a traitor not, can possess varying amounts of a trait
28
What is the lexical hypothesis?
Most important differences between people are encoded in the language we use to describe people
29
What is factor analysis?
Statistical technique for grouping similar things together by how closely they are associated
30
What is the five factor model?
Much of the variability in people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be summarized with five broad traits.
31
What is agreeableness?
Person’s tendency to be warm, compassionate, cooperative, and caring to others.
People low on agreeableness tend to be rude, hostile, and selfish
32
What is neuroticism?
Person’s tendency to be interpersonally sensitive and experience negative emotions like anxiety, fear, sadness, and anger
33
What does a low score of openness look like?
Opposed to alternate ideas, narrow interests, in artistic, not analytical
34
What does a low score of conscientiousness look like?
Spur-of-the moment actions, unreliable, careless
35
What does a low score of extraversion look like?
Introvert, sober, aloof, unenthusiastic
36
What does a low neuroticism score look like?
High patience, calm, unemotional, hardy, secure, self-satisfied
37
What are facets?
Broad traits can be broken down into narrower aspects in the trait
38
What is the HEXACO model?
Includes six traits, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Honesty-Humility
39
What is the honesty-humility aspect of HEXACO?
People are modest, sincere, fair
Low in trait are manipulative, narcissistic, and self-centered
40
What is machiavellianism?
Named after Nicole Machiavelli
Individuals that manipulate the behaviors of others through duplicity (lying)
41
What is need for achievement?
Set high standards for themselves and want to accomplish a lot, able to work persistently and hard for distant goals,
David McClellan argued that high achievement needed for economic growth
42
What is need for cognition?
Rewarding to understand things, willing to use considerable effort in this quest, enjoy learning, and process of understanding new things
43
What is authoritarianism?
Believe in strict social hierarchies, totally obedient to those above them and expect obedience from subordinates, rigid to adherence of rules, uncomfortable with uncertainty
44
What is narcissism?
Self-love so strong results in high levels of vanity, conceit, and selfishness, has problems feeling empathy towards others and gratefulness
45
What is self-esteem?
Evaluate oneself positively, does not imply one believes he or she is better than others, only a person of worth
46
What is optimism?
Expect positive outcomes from the future, expect good things to happen, indeed often have more positive outcomes
47
What is alexithymia?
Inability to recognize and labels emotions in oneself, difficult time with emotions in others and with relationships
48
What is the person-situation debate?
Relative power of personality traits compared to situational influences on behavior, situationist critique started the debate suggested people overestimate consistency of personality traits,
Proposed by Walter Mischell
49
What is independent?
Two characteristics or traits separate from one another
50
What is openness to experience?
Person’s tendency to seek out and appreciate new things, thoughts, feelings, values, and experiences
51
What is an objective test?
Most familiar and widely used approach to assess personality, involve using a standard set of items and a limited set of responses
52
What is self-report?
Asks people to describe themselves
53
What is validity?
Evidence related to the interpretation and use of test scores
54
What is criterion validity?
Ability of a test to predict the outcomes
55
What is high-stakes-testing?
Test scores are used to make decisions about individuals
Ex: test scores decide who gets into college
56
What is self-enhancement testing?
Tendency for people to present themselves in an overly favorable way
57
What is defensiveness?
Individuals actually believe they are better than they really are
58
What is impression management?
People intentionally distort responses to make people think they are better than they are
59
What is the reference group effect?
Tendency of people top base their self-concept on comparisons with others
Ex: if friends are successful you might come to see yourself as less successful than you are
60
What do the letters in the iceberg visual stand for?
61
What is reliability?
Consistency of test scores across repeated assessments
62
What is a sibling contrast effect?
Tendency of parents to use their perceptions of all of their children as a frame of reference for rating the characteristics of each of them, causes parents to exaggerate the differences between their children
63
What is the letter of recommendation effect?
Informants in personality studies rate others in an unrealistically positive manner, informants more likely to rate friends and people they like in a socially desirable way
64
What is the honeymoon effect?
Newly married individuals rate their spouses in an unrealistically positive manner
65
What is the big five?
Broad general traits included in many prominent models of personality
66
What is a projective hypothesis?
When people are confronted with ambiguous stimuli (can be interpreted in more than one way) responses will be influenced by unconscious thoughts, needs, wishes, and impulses
67
What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
Asks respondents to interpret symmetrical blots of ink
68
What is the Thematic Apperception Test?
Asks participants to generate **stories** about a series of pictures
69
What are implicit motives?
Goals important to a person, but that they cannot consciously express, can be measured using TAT
70
What are the five stages of psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
71
What is sex?
Organisms means of biological reproduction
72
What is gender?
Psychological and sociological representations of one’s biological sex
73
What is gender identity?
Personal depictions of masculinity and femininity
74
What are gender roles?
Societal expectations of masculinity and femininity
75
What is sexual orientation?
Person’s sexual attraction to other people
76
What is sexual attraction?
Capacity a person has to elicit or feel sexual interest
77
What is sexual fluidity?
Sexual attributes changing due to psychological circumstances
78
What are monozygotic twins?
Twins conceived from a single ovum and a single sperm, genetically identical
79
What are dizygotic twins?
Twins conceived from two ova and two sperm, 50% genetic identical
80
What is cisgender?
Person’s birth sex corresponds with his/her gender identity/gender role
81
What is transgender?
Person who gender identity/gender role does not correspond with the one given at birth
82
What is androgyny?
Having both feminine and masculine characteristics
83
What is coital sex?
Vaginal-penile intercourse
84
What is cunnilingus?
Oral stimulation of the females external sex organs
85
What is fellatio?
Oral stimulation of the male sex organs
86
What is masochism?
Receiving pain from another person to experience pleasure for oneself
87
What are paraphilic disorders?
Sexual behaviors that cause harm to others or one’s self
88
What is sadism?
Inflicting pain upon another person to experience pleasure for oneself
89
What are safer-sex practices?
Anything that may decrease the probability of sexual assault, STI’s, or unwanted pregnancy
90
What is sexual literacy?
Lifelong pursuit of human sexuality knowledge, and recognition of its various multicultural, historical, and societal contexts; ability to evaluate sources and
discern empirical evidence from unreliable and inaccurate information; acknowledgment
of humans as sexual beings; appreciation of sexuality’s contribution to enhancing
one’s well-being and pleasure in life.
91
What is genderqueer?
Gender identification falls on the spectrum between the male and female
92
What is non-binary?
Does not identify as male or female
93
What is stage 1 of the sexual response cycle?
Arousal/Excitement
-Vagina swells from increased blood flow
-Clit becomes sensitive
-Testicles drawn up into scrotum
-Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure increase
94
What is stage 2 of the sexual response cycle?
Orgasm
-Involuntary muscle contractions begin
-Sudden, forceful, release of sexual tension
95
What is stage 3 of the sexual response cycle?
Resolution
-Returning to resting state
96
What is the sexual response?
Desire
97
What did Alfred Kinsey do?
-Employed case study
-Employed Survey method
-Defined female orgasm
-Developed Kinsey Scale, 1-6
-Argued delay of sex was psychologically harmful
98
What did Havelock Ellis do?
-Defined transgender as being different from homosexual
-Autoeroticism: masturbation
-Narcissism
99
What did Sigmund Freud do?
-Case study
-Linked sexuality with healthy development
-Defined 5 stages of sexual development
-Discussed unhealthy sexual behaviors
100
What are implicit tests?
Implicit associations between academics and gender, reveal internalized biases in society for an against groups of people
101
What does TAT measure?
Significant validity, valuable information gathered regarding implicit motives
102
What does Rorschach measure?
Some predictive ability, unsatisfactory information is gathered
103
What is an informant report?
Asks someone who knows the individual to describe their personality
104
What are the pros and cons of informant rating?
Pros:
-Valid, can be combined, better sample of behavior
Cons:
-Limited access, sibling contrast effect, letter of recommendation effect, honeymoon effect
105
What are reference group effects?
Comparing yourself to friend group rather than general population
106
What are the drawbacks of self-reporting?
High-stakes testing, self-raters may be motivated to present themselves favorably
107
What is the Likert Scale?
Strongly agree, agree, neither agree or disagree, disagree, strongly disagree
108
What are self-report advantages?
Capitalize on self-knowledge, simple, easy, cost-effective
109
What is the social cognitive approach?
Behaviors result from features of situation, how the person perceives the situation, and ability to deal with situation
110
What did Walter Mischel do?
Declared that if we look at a person’s behavior it is not consistent across situations
111
What did Hans and Sybil Eysenck do?
Based research on genetics and biology, proposed simpler model of universal traits with two different source traits, believed personality differences are due to biology
112
What is consistency?
For something to be considered a personality trait, behaviors associated with it must be consistent across situations
113
What is stability?
Individuals with a trait are also somewhat stable overtime in behaviors related to the trait
114
What is the superego?
Partly conscious, self-evaluate, moralistic component of personality, formed through internalization of parental and societal rules, age 5 or 6 develops internal parental voice that is partly conscious, responsible for guilt, praises and admonishes
115
What is the defense mechanism?
If ID or Superego threaten to overwhelm ego, anxiety results, ego may temporarily reduce anxiety by distorting perceptions of reality, long term use can be problematic
116
What is repression?
Completed exclusion from consciousness of anxiety producing thoughts feelings, or impulses, most basic defense mechanism
117
What is reaction formation?
Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with exaggeration of their opposite
118
What is projection?
Attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group
119
What is the oral stage of development?
-0-2 years
-Achieves gratification through feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling
120
What happens if oral is not solved?
-Depression, lack of trust, envy demandingness
121
What is the anal stage of development?
2-3 years
-Child learns to respond to some of the demands of society such as bladder and bowel control
122
What do unresolved conflicts in the anal stage cause?
-Need for control, preoccupied with possessions such as money, issues with submission and rebellion
123
What is the phallic stage of development?
3-7 years
-Learn to realize the differences between males and females and becomes more aware sexually
-Coping with feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict
124
What do unresolved conflicts in the phallic stage cause?
-Seduction, jealousy, competition, power
125
What is the latency stage of development?
7-11 years
-Sexual urges are relatively quiet
-Further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
-Sexual urges suppressed due to anxiety
-Boys and girls associate with same sex peers
126
What does the genital stage of development do?
11-Adult
-Growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex
-time for coming together off mature adult personality with capacity to love, work, and relate to others
127
What is Turner Syndrome?
One of the X chromosomes is missing and can cause a variety of health problems in only females l
128
What is Klinefelter syndrome?
Results when a male is born with an extra X chromosome and can result in smaller testicles and lower production of testosterone
129
According to Hans Eysenck, personality can be best described in terms of which basic trait dimensions?
Introversion—extraversion, stability—neuroticism, and low psychoticism—high psychoticism
