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PSYCH 100.015 > Personality And Sex > Flashcards

Personality And Sex Flashcards

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1
Q

What best describes the superego?

A

Moralistic, self-evaluative part of the personality

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2
Q

What best describes the ego?

A

Understands logic and reality

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3
Q

What is it when a person attributes their own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses on another person?

A

Projection

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4
Q

According to Eysenck __ tend to seek out stimulating environments

A

Extroverts

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5
Q

What is a replacement fantasy?

A

Sexual fantasy about someone other than one’s partner (does not mean that person wants to cheat)

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6
Q

What is paraphilia?

A

Sexual disorders that can result in the harming of others

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7
Q

What is cisgender?

A

A person that identifies with their own sex

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8
Q

What are the stages of sexual arousal?

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

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9
Q

What is NOT considered a rule regarding sexual consent?

A

It cannot be implied, must be explicit

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10
Q

What is intersex?

A

Having reproductive organs that are ambiguous of both sexes

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11
Q

What is influenced by culture?

A

Sexual orientation, sex expression, gender roles, and gender identity

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12
Q

Rochelle is heterosexual but once had sex with another woman in college, this is an example of…

A

Sexual fluidity

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13
Q

What is Alfred Kinsey known for?

A

-Defining the female orgasm
-Using the survey method
-Argued that delaying sex for marital reasons was psychologically damaging

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14
Q

What is personality?

A

The ways that people differ from each other

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15
Q

What is a personality trait?

A

Basic dimensions on which people differ

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16
Q

What is the personality theory?

A

Describes and explains how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique,

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17
Q

What are the two major theoretical perspectives on personality?

A

Psychoanalytic perspective, trait perspective

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18
Q

What is the ID?

A

Immune to logic, operates to the pleasure principle, motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort, most fundamental human motive

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19
Q

What is the ego?

A

Conscious and rational component of personality, understands reality and logic, most in touch with the demands of the external world, mediator between ID and superego, repress desires that can[t be met in an acceptable manner

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20
Q

What are self-report advantages?

A

Capitalize on self-knowledge, simple, easy, cost-efficient

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21
Q

What is the self-enhancement bias?

A

Reduced reporting of unfavorable characteristics

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22
Q

What are the drawbacks of self-reporting?

A

High-stakes testing, self-raters may be motivated to present themselves favorably

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23
Q

What are reference group effects?

A

Comparing yourself to friend group rather than the general population

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24
Q

What is openness?

A

Fantasy prone, open to feelings, diverse behaviors, new/different ideas, open to various values and beliefs

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25
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A

Competent, orderly, dutiful, achievement-oriented, self-disciplined, deliberate

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26
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Gregarious, warm, assertive, active, excitement-seeking, positive emotionally

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27
Q

What are continuous distributions?

A

Can go from low to high, with all different values possible, one does not have a traitor not, can possess varying amounts of a trait

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28
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis?

A

Most important differences between people are encoded in the language we use to describe people

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29
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

Statistical technique for grouping similar things together by how closely they are associated

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30
Q

What is the five factor model?

A

Much of the variability in people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be summarized with five broad traits.

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31
Q

What is agreeableness?

A

Person’s tendency to be warm, compassionate, cooperative, and caring to others.

People low on agreeableness tend to be rude, hostile, and selfish

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32
Q

What is neuroticism?

A

Person’s tendency to be interpersonally sensitive and experience negative emotions like anxiety, fear, sadness, and anger

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33
Q

What does a low score of openness look like?

A

Opposed to alternate ideas, narrow interests, in artistic, not analytical

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34
Q

What does a low score of conscientiousness look like?

A

Spur-of-the moment actions, unreliable, careless

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35
Q

What does a low score of extraversion look like?

A

Introvert, sober, aloof, unenthusiastic

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36
Q

What does a low neuroticism score look like?

A

High patience, calm, unemotional, hardy, secure, self-satisfied

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37
Q

What are facets?

A

Broad traits can be broken down into narrower aspects in the trait

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38
Q

What is the HEXACO model?

A

Includes six traits, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Honesty-Humility

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39
Q

What is the honesty-humility aspect of HEXACO?

A

People are modest, sincere, fair

Low in trait are manipulative, narcissistic, and self-centered

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40
Q

What is machiavellianism?

A

Named after Nicole Machiavelli

Individuals that manipulate the behaviors of others through duplicity (lying)

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41
Q

What is need for achievement?

A

Set high standards for themselves and want to accomplish a lot, able to work persistently and hard for distant goals,

David McClellan argued that high achievement needed for economic growth

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42
Q

What is need for cognition?

A

Rewarding to understand things, willing to use considerable effort in this quest, enjoy learning, and process of understanding new things

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43
Q

What is authoritarianism?

A

Believe in strict social hierarchies, totally obedient to those above them and expect obedience from subordinates, rigid to adherence of rules, uncomfortable with uncertainty

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44
Q

What is narcissism?

A

Self-love so strong results in high levels of vanity, conceit, and selfishness, has problems feeling empathy towards others and gratefulness

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45
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Evaluate oneself positively, does not imply one believes he or she is better than others, only a person of worth

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46
Q

What is optimism?

A

Expect positive outcomes from the future, expect good things to happen, indeed often have more positive outcomes

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47
Q

What is alexithymia?

A

Inability to recognize and labels emotions in oneself, difficult time with emotions in others and with relationships

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48
Q

What is the person-situation debate?

A

Relative power of personality traits compared to situational influences on behavior, situationist critique started the debate suggested people overestimate consistency of personality traits,

Proposed by Walter Mischell

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49
Q

What is independent?

A

Two characteristics or traits separate from one another

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50
Q

What is openness to experience?

A

Person’s tendency to seek out and appreciate new things, thoughts, feelings, values, and experiences

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51
Q

What is an objective test?

A

Most familiar and widely used approach to assess personality, involve using a standard set of items and a limited set of responses

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52
Q

What is self-report?

A

Asks people to describe themselves

53
Q

What is validity?

A

Evidence related to the interpretation and use of test scores

54
Q

What is criterion validity?

A

Ability of a test to predict the outcomes

55
Q

What is high-stakes-testing?

A

Test scores are used to make decisions about individuals

Ex: test scores decide who gets into college

56
Q

What is self-enhancement testing?

A

Tendency for people to present themselves in an overly favorable way

57
Q

What is defensiveness?

A

Individuals actually believe they are better than they really are

58
Q

What is impression management?

A

People intentionally distort responses to make people think they are better than they are

59
Q

What is the reference group effect?

A

Tendency of people top base their self-concept on comparisons with others

Ex: if friends are successful you might come to see yourself as less successful than you are

60
Q

What do the letters in the iceberg visual stand for?

A
61
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of test scores across repeated assessments

62
Q

What is a sibling contrast effect?

A

Tendency of parents to use their perceptions of all of their children as a frame of reference for rating the characteristics of each of them, causes parents to exaggerate the differences between their children

63
Q

What is the letter of recommendation effect?

A

Informants in personality studies rate others in an unrealistically positive manner, informants more likely to rate friends and people they like in a socially desirable way

64
Q

What is the honeymoon effect?

A

Newly married individuals rate their spouses in an unrealistically positive manner

65
Q

What is the big five?

A

Broad general traits included in many prominent models of personality

66
Q

What is a projective hypothesis?

A

When people are confronted with ambiguous stimuli (can be interpreted in more than one way) responses will be influenced by unconscious thoughts, needs, wishes, and impulses

67
Q

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

A

Asks respondents to interpret symmetrical blots of ink

68
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

A

Asks participants to generate stories about a series of pictures

69
Q

What are implicit motives?

A

Goals important to a person, but that they cannot consciously express, can be measured using TAT

70
Q

What are the five stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

71
Q

What is sex?

A

Organisms means of biological reproduction

72
Q

What is gender?

A

Psychological and sociological representations of one’s biological sex

73
Q

What is gender identity?

A

Personal depictions of masculinity and femininity

74
Q

What are gender roles?

A

Societal expectations of masculinity and femininity

75
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

Person’s sexual attraction to other people

76
Q

What is sexual attraction?

A

Capacity a person has to elicit or feel sexual interest

77
Q

What is sexual fluidity?

A

Sexual attributes changing due to psychological circumstances

78
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Twins conceived from a single ovum and a single sperm, genetically identical

79
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Twins conceived from two ova and two sperm, 50% genetic identical

80
Q

What is cisgender?

A

Person’s birth sex corresponds with his/her gender identity/gender role

81
Q

What is transgender?

A

Person who gender identity/gender role does not correspond with the one given at birth

82
Q

What is androgyny?

A

Having both feminine and masculine characteristics

83
Q

What is coital sex?

A

Vaginal-penile intercourse

84
Q

What is cunnilingus?

A

Oral stimulation of the females external sex organs

85
Q

What is fellatio?

A

Oral stimulation of the male sex organs

86
Q

What is masochism?

A

Receiving pain from another person to experience pleasure for oneself

87
Q

What are paraphilic disorders?

A

Sexual behaviors that cause harm to others or one’s self

88
Q

What is sadism?

A

Inflicting pain upon another person to experience pleasure for oneself

89
Q

What are safer-sex practices?

A

Anything that may decrease the probability of sexual assault, STI’s, or unwanted pregnancy

90
Q

What is sexual literacy?

A

Lifelong pursuit of human sexuality knowledge, and recognition of its various multicultural, historical, and societal contexts; ability to evaluate sources and
discern empirical evidence from unreliable and inaccurate information; acknowledgment
of humans as sexual beings; appreciation of sexuality’s contribution to enhancing
one’s well-being and pleasure in life.

91
Q

What is genderqueer?

A

Gender identification falls on the spectrum between the male and female

92
Q

What is non-binary?

A

Does not identify as male or female

93
Q

What is stage 1 of the sexual response cycle?

A

Arousal/Excitement

-Vagina swells from increased blood flow
-Clit becomes sensitive
-Testicles drawn up into scrotum
-Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure increase

94
Q

What is stage 2 of the sexual response cycle?

A

Orgasm

-Involuntary muscle contractions begin
-Sudden, forceful, release of sexual tension

95
Q

What is stage 3 of the sexual response cycle?

A

Resolution

-Returning to resting state

96
Q

What is the sexual response?

A

Desire

97
Q

What did Alfred Kinsey do?

A

-Employed case study
-Employed Survey method
-Defined female orgasm
-Developed Kinsey Scale, 1-6
-Argued delay of sex was psychologically harmful

98
Q

What did Havelock Ellis do?

A

-Defined transgender as being different from homosexual
-Autoeroticism: masturbation
-Narcissism

99
Q

What did Sigmund Freud do?

A

-Case study
-Linked sexuality with healthy development
-Defined 5 stages of sexual development
-Discussed unhealthy sexual behaviors

100
Q

What are implicit tests?

A

Implicit associations between academics and gender, reveal internalized biases in society for an against groups of people

101
Q

What does TAT measure?

A

Significant validity, valuable information gathered regarding implicit motives

102
Q

What does Rorschach measure?

A

Some predictive ability, unsatisfactory information is gathered

103
Q

What is an informant report?

A

Asks someone who knows the individual to describe their personality

104
Q

What are the pros and cons of informant rating?

A

Pros:
-Valid, can be combined, better sample of behavior

Cons:
-Limited access, sibling contrast effect, letter of recommendation effect, honeymoon effect

105
Q

What are reference group effects?

A

Comparing yourself to friend group rather than general population

106
Q

What are the drawbacks of self-reporting?

A

High-stakes testing, self-raters may be motivated to present themselves favorably

107
Q

What is the Likert Scale?

A

Strongly agree, agree, neither agree or disagree, disagree, strongly disagree

108
Q

What are self-report advantages?

A

Capitalize on self-knowledge, simple, easy, cost-effective

109
Q

What is the social cognitive approach?

A

Behaviors result from features of situation, how the person perceives the situation, and ability to deal with situation

110
Q

What did Walter Mischel do?

A

Declared that if we look at a person’s behavior it is not consistent across situations

111
Q

What did Hans and Sybil Eysenck do?

A

Based research on genetics and biology, proposed simpler model of universal traits with two different source traits, believed personality differences are due to biology

112
Q

What is consistency?

A

For something to be considered a personality trait, behaviors associated with it must be consistent across situations

113
Q

What is stability?

A

Individuals with a trait are also somewhat stable overtime in behaviors related to the trait

114
Q

What is the superego?

A

Partly conscious, self-evaluate, moralistic component of personality, formed through internalization of parental and societal rules, age 5 or 6 develops internal parental voice that is partly conscious, responsible for guilt, praises and admonishes

115
Q

What is the defense mechanism?

A

If ID or Superego threaten to overwhelm ego, anxiety results, ego may temporarily reduce anxiety by distorting perceptions of reality, long term use can be problematic

116
Q

What is repression?

A

Completed exclusion from consciousness of anxiety producing thoughts feelings, or impulses, most basic defense mechanism

117
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with exaggeration of their opposite

118
Q

What is projection?

A

Attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group

119
Q

What is the oral stage of development?

A

-0-2 years
-Achieves gratification through feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling

120
Q

What happens if oral is not solved?

A

-Depression, lack of trust, envy demandingness

121
Q

What is the anal stage of development?

A

2-3 years
-Child learns to respond to some of the demands of society such as bladder and bowel control

122
Q

What do unresolved conflicts in the anal stage cause?

A

-Need for control, preoccupied with possessions such as money, issues with submission and rebellion

123
Q

What is the phallic stage of development?

A

3-7 years
-Learn to realize the differences between males and females and becomes more aware sexually
-Coping with feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict

124
Q

What do unresolved conflicts in the phallic stage cause?

A

-Seduction, jealousy, competition, power

125
Q

What is the latency stage of development?

A

7-11 years
-Sexual urges are relatively quiet
-Further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
-Sexual urges suppressed due to anxiety
-Boys and girls associate with same sex peers

126
Q

What does the genital stage of development do?

A

11-Adult
-Growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex
-time for coming together off mature adult personality with capacity to love, work, and relate to others

127
Q

What is Turner Syndrome?

A

One of the X chromosomes is missing and can cause a variety of health problems in only females l

128
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Results when a male is born with an extra X chromosome and can result in smaller testicles and lower production of testosterone

129
Q

According to Hans Eysenck, personality can be best described in terms of which basic trait dimensions?

A

Introversion—extraversion, stability—neuroticism, and low psychoticism—high psychoticism

PSYCH 100.015 (10 decks)

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