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PSYCH 100.015 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

The memory for the events of one’s life

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2
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Occurs after encoding believed to stabilize memory traces

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3
Q

What is the cue overload principle?

A

The more memories associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in retrieval of any one memory

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4
Q

What is distinctiveness?

A

Unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events

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5
Q

What is encoding?

A

The initial experience of perceiving and learning events

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6
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

A retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace

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7
Q

What are engrams?

A

The change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace

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8
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory for events in a particular time and place

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9
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous (and usually emotional) event

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10
Q

What are memory traces?

A

A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event

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11
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event

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12
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues

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13
Q

What is recoding?

A

The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered

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14
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The process of accessing stored information

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15
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting the original event

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16
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have

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17
Q

What is storage?

A

The stage in the learning/memory process that bridges encoding and retrieval; the persistence of memory over time

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18
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

-Environmental information is registered
-Large capacity for information
-The duration is 1/4 to 3 seconds

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19
Q

What is the function of sensory?

A

Very briefly store sensory impressions so they overlap slightly with one another

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20
Q

What is the purpose of sensory memory?

A

Helps us perceive the world as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds

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21
Q

What is auditory sensory information?

A

Sometimes referred to as echoic memory, meaning a brief memory that is like an echo

Duration: 3 to 4 seconds

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22
Q

What is visual sensory information?

A

Sometimes referred as iconic memory
-It is the brief memory of an image, or icon
-Duration: Approximately 1/4 to 1/2 of a second

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23
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

-New information is transferred from a sensory memory
-Old information is retrieved from long-term memory
-Limited capacity for information

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24
Q

What is the duration of short-term memory?

A

Approximately 20 seconds
-Can be retrained longer through maintenance rehearsal
-Information loss may be due to decay or interference from new or competing information

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25
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Previously learned material interferences with the new information

Ex: friend gets a new phone number you have difficulty learning the new number

26
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

The learning of new information interferences with recalling older information

Ex: you favorite musician releases a new song, you learn the words, afterwards you can’t remember the words of another song

27
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Increasing the amount you can remember in your mind

28
Q

What is elaborate rehearsal?

A

Putting information into your words

29
Q

What is chunking?

A

Separating lists of information into smaller groups

30
Q

What is explicit memory (declarative memory)?

A

Memory with conscious recall

31
Q

What is implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)?

A

Memory without conscious recall

32
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Events that you have experienced

33
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General knowledge and facts

34
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Motor skills, actions

35
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

Memory of life events, the story of who you are

36
Q

What are context effects?

A

The tendency to remember information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same physical setting in which you originally learned the information

37
Q

What is mood congruence?

A

Recall bias, if you are sad you tend to remember information that is sad

38
Q

What is state-dependence?

A

If you are studied while drinking coffee, take the exams on coffee

39
Q

What is tip-of-the-tongue?

A

Involved the sensation knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being unable to retrieve it

40
Q

What is the decay theory?

A

When a new memory is formed, it creates a distinct structural or chemical change in the brain, memory traces fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes

41
Q

What are challenges to the decay theory?

A

Some research has shown that information can be remembered decades after it was originally learned

42
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

Lapse in attention that results in memory failure

43
Q

What is prospective memory failure?

A

when we form an intention to do something later, become engaged with various other tasks, and lose focus on the thing we originally intended to do.

44
Q

What is memory misattribution?

A

Assigning a recollection of an idea to the wrong source

45
Q

What is source memory?

A

Subtype of memory for when, where, and how memory was acquired

46
Q

What is false recognition?

A

A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before (Deja Vu)

47
Q

What are causes of deja vu?

A

-When enough features in the current situations trigger situation trigger the sensation of matching features already contained in a previous feature
-Can be related to an encoding failure “Inattentional blindness”
-May occur when brain dysfunction is triggered by temporal lobe disruptions

48
Q

What is Inattentional blindness?

A

The failure to notice a fully-visible, but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object

49
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

Tendency to incorporate misleading information from an external source into personal feelings

50
Q

What is false memory?

A

Created for actions that would have been consistent with a script

Feels real; often accompanied by all the emotional impact of a real memory

51
Q

What is stage 1?

A

Environmental stimuli, sensory organs detect stimuli

52
Q

What is stage 2?

A

Sensory memory, information initially sent to sensory memory, if attention is not directed to this information, it decays very fast

53
Q

What is stage 3?

A

Short-term memory, if attention is directed to the information it is transferred to short-term memory, at this stage, information is active and available in seconds

54
Q

What is stage 4?

A

Long-term memory, if information is rehearsed enough, it is transferred into long-term storage, at this point memories become permanent

55
Q

What are HM and AJ?

A

HM couldn’t form new memories after having his hippocampus removed to help him stop from having seizures

AJ remembered everything like an autobiography

56
Q

What is the Desse-Roediger-McDermott Procedure?

A

People have a false memory because the other words on the list were related to them

57
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

Tendency to recall the last item

58
Q

What is the con-restorff effect?

A

Easily recall an item that is qualitatively different or stands out from the other items

59
Q

What happens when an newer memory interferes with an older memory?

A

Retroactive interference

60
Q

What is necessary to move information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A

Attention

61
Q

What is rephrasing information in your own words an example of?

A

Elaborate rehearsal

PSYCH 100.015 (10 decks)

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