Psycho Social Flashcards
Solomon Asch
Conducted research on conformity and group pressure by placing confederates pretending to be subjects. confederates would give obvious wrong answers
Alpha Waves
Just before drifting off to sleep
Mary Ainsworth
Strange situation experiments with babies.
Babinski reflex
stroking the sole of the foot causes the big two to raise up and the other toes to fan out.
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll and self efficacy in promoting learning.
Bottom-up processing
sensory processing by sensory receptors works up to complex integration.
Broca’s area
front left frontal lobe which processes speech, Broca’s aphasia where person knows what they want to say but can not say it.
Raymond Cattell
used factor anaylasis and surface traits to deduce five global factors extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation and self-control.
Chunking
clustering of information and data into discrete groups which allows more information to be remembered.
Difference Threshold or Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
the minimum noticeable difference
Dramaturgical approach
Assumes that people are actors performing and communicating the image they want to project.
Emile Durkheim
Father of sociology and major proponent of functionalism.
Dyssomnias
broad category of disorders that effect sleep; insomnia, narcolepsy and sleep apnea.
Dysthymic disorder
mild form of depression
Ecclesia
The dominant religious organization, not tolerant of other religions.
Erik Erikson
extended Freud’s theories of conflicts between the conscious unconscious. Trust vs mistrust.
Costa and McCrea’s Five Factor Model
Explains personality in five over reaching personality traits. Extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Formal Operational Stage
Pageant’s fourth stage of development theory 12-adulthood abstract and moral reasoning.
Functionalism
Sociology’s oldest theories society as a living functional organism.
Phineas Gage
man who lost his prefrontal cortex allowing the removal to be studied as an impact on personality.
Gestalt Psychology
Brain process information in a holistic manner. Brain must make assumptions to detect the whole.
Ludwig Gumplowicz
Expanded on Marx’s ideas about conflict theory, society is shaped by war and conquest.
Margaret and Harry Harlow
Baby monkey experiments to demonstrate that babies are drawn to mothers who provide comfort not just food.
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts used for problem-solving.
Just world phenomenon
The tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.
Karl Marx
Closely identified with conflict theory, class struggle by those who controlled production and those who provided labor for production that capitalism would eventually lead to capitalism.
Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, presented with a pyramid.
Stanley Milgram
Obedience research asked subjects to shock other subjects.
Negative Punishment
The removal of a positive or rewarding stimulus following a behavior. Tends to depress the behavior
Negative Reinforcement
The removal of a negative or aversive stimulus following a behavior. Tends to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Operant Conditioning
Instrumental conditioning, A form of associative learning based on consequences, rewards increase and punishments decrease their frequency.
Parkinson’s Disease
A movement disorder caused by the death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra.
Phonological loop
Alan Baddeley’s Model of working memory and reputation of verbal informant aids with encoding it into memory.
Jean Piaget
Developmental psychologist who formulated a four-stye theory of development for children.
Positive Punishment
The introduction of a negative stimulus following a behavior. Decreases in frequency.
Positive reinforcement
Reward immediately following a behavior. Increases in frequency.
Philip Zimbardo
Did the ‘prison study’ a psychological experiment of extreme role playing that simulated guards and prisoners.
Carl Rogers
Founder of Humanistic Psychology Perspective, person-centered approach to therapy.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
This hypothesis asserts that people understand their world through language, language shapes how people experience their world.
Schachter-Singer Theory
Theory of emotion that asserts that the experience of the physiological arousal occurs first and is followed by a conscious cognitive interpretation of appraisal that allows for the identification of the experienced.
Serial Postion Effect
Included the primacy and recency effect, when information is presented serially in a list, individuals are more likely to recall the first and the last items.
B. F. Skinner
coined the term operant conditioning. also the skinner box in which he used reinforcements to shape animal behavior.
Social behaviorism
The idea that the mind and the self emerge through the process of communication with others.
Social Cognitive Perspective
According to this perspective personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive and environmental factors.
Social Constructionism
People shape their reality through social interactions
Vagus Nerves
Very large mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor output. Important in transmitting parasympathetic input the heart and digestive smooth muscle.
Max Weber
Weber agreed with Marx’s ideas about conflict theory but didn’t believe the collapse of capitalism was inevitable.
Wernicke’s area
process speech and written language
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Moderate arousal creates optimal performance to little arousal leads to complacency and to much can be overwhelming.
Philip Zimbardo
Best known for the prison study.
