CHEM Flashcards
R, S configuration for enantiomers
number the four substitutes highest molecular weight 1, 2, 3, 4 Move the four into the hidden position and does 1, 2, 3 rotate clockwise R, or counter clockwise S
cis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenes
Anode, describe
Negative end, Zn and e runs out towards Cathode to Cu
Cathode, decribe
Cathode is the positive side in which a e runs into.
Valence-Bond Theory
Valence Bond theory describes covalent bond formation as well as the electronic structure of molecules. The theory assumes that electrons occupy atomic orbitals of individual atoms within a molecule, and that the electrons of one atom are attracted to the nucleus of another atom. This attraction increases as the atoms approach one another until the atoms reach a minimum distance where the electron density begins to cause repulsion between the two atoms. This electron density at the minimum distance between the two atoms is where the lowest potential energy is acquired, and it can be considered to be what holds the two atoms together in a chemical bond.
Molecular Formula
Molecular Formula the complete exact formula for a compound
Empirical formula
Empirical formula, The empirical formula is the simplest formula (by ratio) for a compound.
Oxidizing
Oxidizing (OIL), is Oxydizing is Loosing electrons. If something is oxydized it most likely had it’s electrons stolen by an Oxygen.
Reducing
Reducing (RIG) or Reduxtion is Gaining an electron. Oxygen is reduced because it now has a lower state of negativity because it is hogging the electrons.
Acid and conjugate base concentrations
An acid will gain a H and it’s conjugagate base will loose it’s H
What is the most ionic character.
Most ionic character, the compound with the greatest distance between the metal and non metal.
DIPOLE MOMENT IS A PRODUCT OF THE CHARGE Q AND THE DISTANCE r BETWEEN THE CHARGES. Example would be the high negativity of the Cl and the low or positive charge on the H in H-Cl.
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Dipole High dipole moment
· THE MEASURED VALUE IS CALLED THE “DIPOLE MOMENT (m)”
· DIPOLE MOMENT IS A PRODUCT OF THE CHARGE Q AND THE DISTANCE r BETWEEN THE CHARGES
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Tautomers
· Tautomers are constitutional isomers of organic compounds that readily interconvert by a chemical reaction called tautomerization. This reaction commonly results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom or proton, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond.
Resonance In chemistry
Resonance In chemistry, resonance or mesomerism [1] is a quantum superposition of wave functions built from Lewis structures as a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions. A molecule or ion with such delocalized electrons is represented by several contributing structures
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. These ions represent atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as an anion). In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH4+ or SO42− . In simpler words, an ionic bond is the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order for both atoms to obtain a full valence shell.
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.
Caculate possible peptides
Number for possible peptides is Factorial of the amino acids count the N and then use n!=3x2x1=6
(CH3CH2)2CH2 is non-polar and is not soluble in water, why?
(CH3CH2)2CH2 is non-polar and is not soluble in water, non-polar means that that the molecule is has a pretty constant electro negative state throughout and H2O is also pretty stable so there is no breaking apart.
(CH3CH2)2NH is polar and is soluble in water because?
(CH3CH2)2NH is more soluble in water because it’s polar and N will hydrogen bond with water breaking it apart.
Red Litmus paper will turn what color in what?
Red Litmus paper will turn blue in a base.
Blue Litmus paper will turn what color in what?
Blue Litmus paper will turn red in acid.
Beta Decay
Beta decay neutron omits an electron, becoming a proton, mass stays the same but the proton increases and neutron decreases.
Positron?
Positron protron omits a positive elctron!
Gamma Decay
Releases gamma wave or ray
Alpha Decay
Releases two neutrons and two protrons, releases one whole Helium.
Calculating Neutrons
Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass.
