Psychiatry - Psychology Flashcards
Name three scales used to measure intelligence quotient.
Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
What is the Stanford-Binet calculation of the intelligence quotient?
(Mental age / chronologic age) 100
What is the mean intelligence quotient score? What is the standard deviation?
100; 15
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is used for children in what age range?
6 to 16 years of age
If an intelligence quotient score is 70, how many standard deviations is that below the mean?
Two
A diagnosis of mental retardation, severe mental retardation, and profound retardation requires that the intelligence quotient be below what number, respectively?
70; 40; 20
A mouse is delivered a loud noise and subsequently exhibits a startle response. After 40 trials, the startle response slowly extinguishes. This is an example of what type of learning?
Habituation
A mouse is delivered a loud noise and subsequently exhibits a startle response. After 40 trials, the startle response becomes more pronounced. This is an example of what type of learning?
Sensitization
What is classical conditioning?
A learning method in which a neutral stimulus eventually evokes a specific response. The learned stimulus evokes a specific response. The learned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus that would normally not evoke the specific response. By pairing the two stimuli, the specific response can be evoked by the neutral stimulus
In classical conditioning, the learned stimulus is also called the _____ stimulus.
Conditioned
Who originally performed experiments on classical conditioning with dogs?
Pavlov
In Pavlovs classical conditioning experiments with dogs, ringing a bell provoked salivation. What is the learned, or conditioned, response?
Salivation
In Pavlovs classical conditioning experiments with dogs, ringing a bell provoked salivation; what is the learned, or conditioned, stimulus?
The bell
In Pavlovs classical conditioning experiments with dogs, ringing a bell provoked salivation; what was the original unconditioned stimulus?
Food
What is operant conditioning?
A learning method is which actions are adopted into one’s repertoire because of receipt of reward upon completing the action
A mouse that presses a button to get rewarded with food is learning by what type of reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement
A mouse that presses a button to avoid shock is learning by what type of reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement (this should not be confused with punishment)
How do punishment and negative reinforcement differ in operant conditioning?
Unlike in punishment, negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to elicit behavior
In operant conditioning, the application of an aversive stimulus to extinguish unwanted behavior is also known as what?
Punishment
A mouse presses a button to receive food. After 40 trials, the food is removed so that no food is received when the mouse presses the button. After 20 subsequent trials, the mouse no longer presses the button. What is this pattern called?
Extinction, in which removal of positive reinforcement leads to cessation of behavior
In reinforcement, what variable determines how quickly a behavior is learned or extinguished?
The pattern of reinforcement: continuous or variable ratio
With a continuous reinforcement schedule for learning, how often is a reward received?
A reward is received after every correct response/behavior
With a continuous reinforcement schedule for learning, how quickly is the learned behavior extinguished?
Rapidly
With a variable ratio reinforcement schedule for learning, how often is a reward received?
A reward is received after a random number of responses
With a variable ratio reinforcement schedule for learning, how quickly is the learned behavior extinguished?
Slowly
What is the definition of transference?
A patient projects feelings about another person onto a doctor
What is the definition of countertransference?
A physician projects feelings about another person onto a patient
A patient is hostile toward her new female psychiatrist. She requests transfer of care to a male psychiatrist. Her history reveals a tumultuous past with her mother that eventually led her to run away at a young age. What term describes this type of interaction?
Transference
A psychiatrist begins treating a patient with a history of alcoholism. The psychiatrist slowly becomes hostile towards the patient. The psychiatrist recently divorced her husband who was alcohol-dependent. What term describes this type of interaction?
Countertransference
What are Freuds three structures of the mind?
Id, ego, superego
What role does the id play?
It is responsible for drives, primal urges, sexual behavior, aggression, desire for food
According to Freud, what structure of the mind is responsible for feelings like, “I want it”?
The id
Is the id a feature of the conscious or subsconscious?
It is entirely subconscious
What role does the superego play?
It is responsible for moral values and the conscience
According to Freud, what structure of the mind is responsible for feelings like, “I know I cant have it”?
The superego
According to Freud, what structure of the mind can lead to self-blame and attacks on the ego?
The superego
What is the role of the ego?
It acts as mediator between the id and accepted reality
Who first described the Oedipus complex?
Freud
What is the Oedipus complex, as described by Freud?
A condition in which a child has repressed sexual feelings for the opposite-sex parent
A young boy at the dinner table copies his parents when they put their napkins on their laps. A few nights later he puts his napkin on his lap before his parents. Acquisition of this behavior is best explained by what theory of social learning?
Modeling
Behavior achieved by following the reward of closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior is also known as what?
Shaping
How many stages are there in normal development, according to Erikson?
8
According to Erikson, what stage of development occurs at 0 to 18 months, and what crisis is involved?
The oral sensory stage where trust and mistrust are in crisis
According to Erikson, what stage of development is defined at 12-20 years and what crisis is involved?
The adolescent stage where identity and role confusion are in crisis
Define the concept of an ego defense.
Unconscious mental processes used by the ego to resolve conflict and prevent feelings of anxiety and depression
As an ego defense, what is altruism?
A manifestation in which guilty feelings are alleviated by unsolicited generosity towards others
A mafia boss who makes a large donation to charity has unknowingly evoked what mature ego defense?
Altruism
As an ego defense, how is humor employed?
It is used to diffuse the pressure of an anxiety-provoking situation by joking about it
A nervous medical student who jokes about the boards is using what mature ego defense?
Humor
As an ego defense, what is sublimation?
A mature ego defense in which a person replaces an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but that does not conflict with his/her values
When one uses aggressive impulses to succeed in business ventures, what mature ego defense is being evoked?
Sublimation
What mature ego defense is evoked when one voluntarily withholds an idea or feeling from conscious awareness?
Suppression
A medical student who chooses not to think about the USMLE until the week of the exam is using what mature ego defense?
Suppression
What are the four mature ego defenses?
Sublimation, Altruism, Suppression, and Humor; remember, “Mature women wear a SASH”)
Define acting out as an ego defense.
An immature ego defense in which unacceptable feelings are manifested as actions
A temper tantrum is an example of what immature ego defense?
Acting out
As an ego defense, what is dissociation?
An immature ego defense in which a person manifests a temporary but drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress
Multiple personality disorder is an extreme form of what immature ego defense?
Dissociation
Define denial as an ego defense.
It is an immature ego defense in which a person avoids awareness of a painful reality
True or False? Denial is a common reaction among newly diagnosed patients with AIDS or cancer.
True
Define displacement as an ego defense.
An immature ego defense in which negative feelings are targeted at an object or person unrelated to the inciting event
A mother who yells at her child because she is frustrated with her boss has used what immature ego defense?
Displacement
Define fixation as an ego defense.
An immature ego defense in which a person exhibits arrested development. That is, they stop development prematurely, thereby resembling a child
True or False? An 18-year-old patient presents with encopresis; he was previously continent. This is an example of fixation.
False; this is an example of regression since the patient had previously reached a developmental milestone and then reverted. Fixation is reaching a certain milestone and never progressing
Define identification as an ego defense.
An immature ego defense characterized by emulating the behavior of an admired figure (even though the figure is not necessarily the best model)
An abused wife who in turn abuses her children exhibits what behavior?
Identification
Define the ego defense isolation.
This is an immature ego defense where memory of an unacceptable act is separated from the emotion associated with it
An individual who is able to describe her history of sexual abuse by her father in great detail with no emotion exhibits what behavior?
Isolation
Define projection as an ego defense.
An immature ego defense in which a person who is has unacceptable feelings or beliefs attributes those feelings or beliefs to someone else
A man is mad at his wife, but instead of discussing his feelings, accuses his wife of being mad at him. What type of defense mechanism is this?
Projection
Define rationalization as an ego defense.
An immature ego defense in which one uses logic and reason to justify an event or behavior
A man who finds out that his wife had an affair says that he and his wife were &never in love to begin with& exhibits what defense?
Rationalization
Define the ego defense reaction formation.
An immature ego defense whereby a negative idea or feeling is offset by adopting a behavior that is vastly different from the offending thought
What immature ego defense is manifested by a person who desires sexual promiscuity but enters a convent instead?
Reaction formation
Define the ego defense known as regression.
An immature ego defense in which a person who has reached all developmental milestones reverts to immature behaviors to cope with stressors
A 15year old boy who got into a fight with his parents soothes himself through thumb-sucking. What type of defense mechanism is this?
Regression
Define repression as an ego defense.
An immature ego defense in which true feelings about an event are isolated from conscious awareness
Define the ego defense known as splitting.
An immature ego defense that manifests as the belief that people are either good or bad
A patient who says that all hospital staff are terrible but all medical students are exceptional is manifesting what immature ego defense?
Splitting
