Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

piggy > Neuro - Anatomy & Physiology Part 1 > Flashcards

Neuro - Anatomy & Physiology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

An alcoholic gets rapid IV fluids for electrolyte disturbance. MRI is taken after he develops acute paralysis. What disease does he have?

A

Central pontine myelinolysis with paralysis, dysarthria, diplopia, and loss of consciousness; caused by rapid correction of hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microglia originate from what embryologic layer?

A

The mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Except for microglia, all central and peripheral nervous system supportive cells originate from what layer?

A

The ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Ependymal cells make cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which two types of cells of the nervous system are derived from neural crest cells?

A

Schwann cells and peripheral nervous system neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Central nervous system neurons are derived from ________ (neuroectoderm/neural crest cells) whereas peripheral nervous system neurons are derived from _________(neuroectoderm/neural crest cells).

A

Neuroectoderm; neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which four types of cells are derived from neuroectoderm?

A

Central nervous system neurons, ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Nissl substance, and where is it found?

A

It is the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell body and dendrites (not axon) of a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neurons are _____ (permanent/labile) cells that _____ (do/do not) divide in adulthood.

A

Permanent; do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

On histopathology, what is the response of astrocytes to injury known as?

A

Reactive gliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the five functions of astrocytes?

A

Physical support, repair, potassium metabolism, removal of excess neurotransmitter, maintenance of the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which cells comprise the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the molecular marker for astrocytes?

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In HIV-infected patients, what cell type fuses to form multinucleated giant cells?

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In response to tissue damage, what do microglia transform into?

A

Large ameboid phagocytic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the histologic appearance of microglia?

A

They have small, irregular nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm and are not readily discernable in Nissl stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main function of microglia?

A

Phagocytosis (in the setting of tissue damage) in the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which cells in the central nervous system are destroyed in multiple sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes are attacked in an autoimmune process leading to demyelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of cell myelinates multiple (up to 30 each) central nervous system axons?

A

Oligodendrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In Nissl stains, what types of cells appear as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm (like a fried egg)?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oligodendrocytes are the predominant type of glial cell in _____ (gray/white) matter.

A

White; the white appearance is due to myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ (Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells) are found in the central nervous system and myelinate _____ (one/up to 30) axon(s), whereas _____ (oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells) are found in the peripheral nervous system and myelinate _____ (one/up to 30) axon(s)

A

Oligodendrocytes; up to 30; Schwann cells; one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of cells promote axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

An acoustic neuroma is a tumor derived from which cell type?

A

Schwann cells; it is a Schwannoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Schwannomas often affect which cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve VIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Schwann cells are derived from what embryonic cell population?

A

Neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by destruction of Schwann cells?

A

Guillain-Barr syndrome, which involves the acute, self-limited destruction of myelin in the peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the four sensory corpuscles?

A

Meissner;s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel;s discs, and free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What kind of corpuscles are involved in dynamic fine touch (eg, manipulation)?

A

Meissner;s corpuscles; these are quickly-adapting receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What kinds of corpuscles are located in glabrous (hairless) skin?

A

Meissner;s corpuscles; glabrous skin includes the lips and fingertips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What kind of corpuscles are located in deep skin layers?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ligaments and joint capsules contain what type of sensory corpuscles?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What kind of corpuscles are responsible for sensations of vibration and pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What kind of sensory receptors are located in hair follicles?

A

Merkel’s discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of touch do Merkel;s discs sense?

A

Static touch (eg, shapes, edges, textures); these are slowly adapting receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of sensory corpuscles can be found throughout the skin as well as some viscera?

A

Free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Free nerve endings are made up of what two types of fibers? How do they differ?

A

C and Aδ fibers; C are slow and unmyelinated, Aδ are fast and myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pain and temperature are sensed by what type of sensory corpuscles?

A

Free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In peripheral nerves, single nerve fibers are immediately contained within the _____.

A

Endoneurium; the prefix endo- means inner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Each fascicle of peripheral nerve fibers is surrounded by a permeability barrier called the _____.

A

Perineurium (remember: Perineurium and Permeability barrier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What dense connective tissue surrounds the entire nerve, including the fascicles and the blood vessels?

A

The epineurium; the prefix epi- means ‘outer’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

During a limb reattachment, what nerve layer must be rejoined for the surgery to be successful?

A

The perineurium; the prefix peri- means around; some axons will regrow if there is an intact perineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where in the brain is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

The locus ceruleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where in the brain is dopamine synthesized?

A

The ventral tegmentum and the substantia nigra pars compacta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where in the brain is serotonin synthesized?

A

The raphe nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where in the brain is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

The basal nucleus of Meynert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do neurotransmitter levels change with anxiety?

A

Anxiety increases norepinephrine, decreases serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid, and does not affect dopamine or acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How do neurotransmitter levels change with depression?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin all decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

In which psychiatric condition are central nervous system dopamine levels increased?

A

Schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

In Alzheimer;s and Huntington;s diseases, central nervous system levels of which neurotransmitter is decreased?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson;s disease?

A

Dopamine activity is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The locus ceruleus is a nucleus in the brain stem involved with physiologic responses to which two emotions?

A

Stress and panic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Which brain region, found in the striatum, plays an important role in laughter, fear, reward, and addiction

A

The nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The blood-brain barrier is formed by what three structures?

A

Capillary endothelial tight junctions, basement membranes, and astrocyte foot processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What two substances cross the blood-brain barrier slowly by a carrier-mediated transport mechanism?

A

Glucose and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What properties of a molecule allow it to diffuse across the blood-brain barrier?

A

Nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Name the three blood-tissue barriers found in the body.

A

The blood-brain barrier, the blood-testis barrier, and the maternal-fetal blood barrier of the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Name three specialized brain regions with fenestrated capillaries and no blood-brain barrier.

A

The area postrema (responsible for vomiting with chemotherapy), the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (osmotic sensing), and the neurohypophysis (responsible for antidiuretic hormone release)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Infarction destroys endothelial cell tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier, leading to leakage of fluid into the brain from damaged blood vessels, causing _____ _____.

A

Vasogenic edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Central control for thirst and water balance is found in what part of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus (the supraoptic nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Destruction of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus would produce what disorder?

A

Anorexia (remember: if you zap your lateralnucleus, you shrink laterally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

A patient presents with hyperphagia and obesity after a localized injury to the hypothalamus. What part of the hypothalamus has been injured?

A

The ventromedial nucleus (remember: if you zap your ventromedialnucleus, you grow ventrallyand medially)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Parasympathetic activity is regulated by the _____ (anterior/posterior) hypothalamus.

A

Anterior (remember: pArasympathetic, Anterior; A/C = anterior cooling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Sympathetic activity is regulated by the _____ (anterior/posterior) hypothalamus.

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Circadian rhythms are predominantly regulated by which part of the hypothalamus?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (remember: you need sleep to be charismatic [chiasmatic])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

A patient presents with the inability to regulate heat conservation and production. What part of the brain is injured?

A

The posterior hypothalamus (remember: if you zap your Posterior hypothalamus, you become a Poikilotherm [cool, like a snake])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What area of the brain coordinates the cooling of the body in hot temperatures?

A

The anterior hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What region of the brain regulates sexual urges and emotions?

A

The septal nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How does the mnemonic TAN HATS describe the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

TAN HATS: Thirst and water balance, Adenohypophysis control, Neurohypophysis releases hormones from hypothalamus, Hunger, Autonomic regulation, Temperature regulation, Sexual urges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Which area of the hypothalamus responds to emetics?

A

The area postrema (responsible for vomiting with chemotherapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Leptin stimulates the _____ (ventromedial/lateral) area, leading to _____ (hunger/satiety) and inhibits the _____ (ventromedial/lateral) area, leading to _____ (hunger/satiety).

A

Ventromedial; satiety; lateral; satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

The posterior pituitary receives axonal projections from the _____ and _____ nuclei.

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

The posterior pituitary secretes which two hormones?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

The supraoptic nucleus produces which hormone?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Oxytocin is produced in the _____ nucleus of the posterior pituitary.

A

Paraventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What structure is the major relay for sensory information ascending to the cortex?

A

The thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

The ablation of the lateral geniculate nucleus would produce what kind of deficits?

A

Visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus is responsible for the relay of what type of stimuli to the cortex?

A

Auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

A patient with a thalamic defect presents with a lack of proprioception. What part of the thalamus has the defect?

A

The lateral part of the ventral posterior nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Sensory stimuli from the spinothalamic tract are relayed to the cortex via what part of the thalamus?

A

The lateral part of the ventral posterior nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Sensory stimuli from cranial nerve V reaches the cortex via relay through what part of the thalamus?

A

The medial part of the ventral posterior nucleus (remember: you put Makeup on your face and the sensory information is relayed through the VPM)

82
Q

The ventral anterior/lateral nuclei are responsible for the relay of what kind of information?

A

Motor plans; they interact with the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

83
Q

The blood supply to the thalamus comes from which arteries?

A

The posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, and anterior choroidal arteries

84
Q

Motor information is relayed through which two nuclei in the thalamus?

A

The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

85
Q

Tactile sensation - including touch, pressure, pain, and proprioception - is relayed through which area in the thalamus?

A

The ventral posterior nucleus

86
Q

What are the four components of the limbic system?

A

The cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, fornix, and mammillary bodies

87
Q

What are the five functions of the limbic system?

A

Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, Feeling, and sex (remember: the 5 F;s)

88
Q

What are the output neurons of the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje fibers

89
Q

What are two types of neurons provide input to the cerebellum?

A

Climbing and mossy fibers

90
Q

From lateral to medial, name the four deep nuclei of the cerebellum.

A

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial (remember: Don’t Eat Greasy Foods)

91
Q

What is the role of the lateral cerebellum?

A

Voluntary movement of the extremities

92
Q

What function does the medial cerebellum serve?

A

Balance and truncal coordination

93
Q

The cerebellum provides stimulatory feedback to the _____ (contralateral/ipsilateral) cortex.

A

Contralateral; modulates movement via the Purkinje fibers in the superior cerebellar peduncle

94
Q

The cerebellum receives _____ (contralateral/ipsilateral) input from the cortex via the middle cerebellar peduncle.

A

Contralateral

95
Q

Ipsilateral proprioceptive information from the body reaches the cerebellum via the _____ (inferior/middle) cerebellar peduncle.

A

Inferior

96
Q

Which supratentorial brain region is most involved in voluntary movements and postural adjustments?

A

The basal ganglia

97
Q

A patient presents with cog-wheel rigidity. This symptom is likely the result of decreased input from what structure?

A

The dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

98
Q

Decreasing dopaminergic output from the substantia nigra leads to _____ (increased/decreased) stimulation of the direct (excitatory) pathway and _____ (increased/decreased) inhibition of the indirect (inhibitory) pathway.

A

Decreased; decreased; resulting in decreased motor activity overall

99
Q

Inadequate function of the substantia nigra occurs in what disease?

A

Parkinson;s disease

100
Q

The globus pallidus externus receives input from the putamen via what pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

The indirect pathway

101
Q

The putamen receives regulatory input from what basal ganglia structure?

A

The substantia nigra pars compacta

102
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is in the _____ (direct/indirect) pathway.

A

Indirect/inhibitory pathway

103
Q

D1 dopamine receptors are _____ (inhibitory/excitatory); D2 dopamine receptors are _____ (inhibitory/excitatory).

A

Excitatory; inhibitory

104
Q

When active, the direct pathway of the basal ganglia _____ (facilitates/inhibits) movement, and the indirect pathway _____ (facilitates/inhibits) movement.

A

Facilitates; inhibits

105
Q

How does the mnemonic TRAPhelp to remember the signs of Parkinson;s disease?

A

TRAP: Tremor (at rest), cogwheel Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability (a patient with Parkinson;s is TRAPped in his/her body)

106
Q

Parkinson;s disease is associated with depigmentation of which region of the brain?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta

107
Q

What are Lewy bodies?

A

Intranuclear inclusions composed of -synuclein seen in Parkinson;s disease

108
Q

Illicit street drugs contaminated with _____ have been linked to development of Parkinson;s disease.

A

MPTP

109
Q

Neurons using which neurotransmitter are affected in Parkinson;s disease?

A

Dopamine

110
Q

What is hemiballismus? A lesion of which brain region can cause it?

A

The sudden, wild flailing of one arm and/or leg; caused by a lesion to the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

111
Q

Hemiballismus is the result of loss of inhibition of which part of the brain?

A

Loss of inhibition of the thalamus leads to excess motor stimulation of contralateral arm

112
Q

What is the mode of inheritance for Huntington;s disease?

A

Autosomal dominant

113
Q

In Huntington;s disease, which type of neurons are lost secondary to atrophy of the caudate nucleus?

A

Caudate loses ACHergic and GABAergic neurons due to CAG repeats in Huntington;s

114
Q

What are the computed tomography findings of Huntington;s disease?

A

Enlarged lateral ventricles, atrophy of putamen, defined sulci

115
Q

A mutation on which chromosome is associated with Huntington;s disease? What specific mutation is it?

A

Chromosome 4; a trinucleotide repeat of CAG

116
Q

What three symptoms are associated with Huntington;s disease?

A

Chorea, depression, progressive dementia

117
Q

Between what ages does Huntington;s disease manifest?

A

Between 20 and 50 years of age; patients often present at a younger age than affected parents did because of anticipation

118
Q

Sudden, jerky, purposeless movements are characteristic of lesions in which part of the brain?

A

Basal ganglia

119
Q

What is chorea?

A

Sudden, jerky, purposeless movements

120
Q

What is athetosis?

A

Slow, writhing movements, especially of fingers

121
Q

Athetosis is characteristic of lesions in which part of the brain?

A

Basal ganglia

122
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Sudden, brief, involuntary muscle contraction

123
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Involuntary sustained muscle contraction

124
Q

What effect does alcohol have on essential tremor?

A

Decreases tremor

125
Q

What is an intention tremor? With which brain region is it associated?

A

A slow, zigzag motion when pointing; caused by cerebellar dysfunction

126
Q

How is essential tremor treated?

A

β-blockers

127
Q

Pill-rolling tremor is a _____ (resting/intention) tremor associated with Parkinson;s disease.

A

Resting

128
Q

What is the mode of inheritance for essential/postural tremor?

A

AD

129
Q

Essential tremor is a _____ (action/intention/resting) tremor.

A

Action

130
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

Parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, and frontal lobe

131
Q

A patient presents with unintelligible yet fluid speech. This patient most likely has a defect in which area of the brain?

A

Wernicke;s area in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (remember: Wernicke;s is Wordy but makes no sense)

132
Q

In which lobe is the primary visual cortex found?

A

The occipital lobe

133
Q

In which lobe is Broca;s area found? What is its function?

A

The frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere; speech (motor) (remember: damage to BROca;s causes BROken speech)

134
Q

In what gyrus is Wernicke;s area found?

A

The superior gyrus of the temporal lobe (superior temporal gyrus)

135
Q

The central sulcus divides which two lobes?

A

Parietal and frontal

136
Q

Broca;s and Wernicke;s areas are located in the _____ hemisphere.

A

Dominant

137
Q

In which lobe are the principal sensory areas located?

A

Parietal

138
Q

The associative auditory cortex is also known as _____ (Broca;s/Wernicke;s area).

A

Wernicke;s area

139
Q

Which fissure divides the temporal from the frontal lobe?

A

Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

140
Q

The principal motor area is next to which sulcus?

A

It is anterior to the central sulcus

141
Q

A child presents with difficulty planning, concentrating, and inhibiting impulses. The origin of these deficits may be attributed to what lobe of the brain?

A

The frontal lobe

142
Q

A patient with Pick;s disease presents with a lack of social judgment. The function of which lobe has been affected?

A

The frontal lobe

143
Q

Motor input to which part of the body originates from the cortex within the Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)?

A

Tongue and throat

144
Q

Motor input to which part of the body originates from the cortex within the longitudinal cerebral fissure?

A

Foot and ankle

145
Q

A lesion in what area of the brain may result in a conduction aphasia, poor repetition with good comprehension, and fluent speech?

A

The arcuate fasciculus

146
Q

A lesion in what area of the brain may result in hyperorality, hypersexuality, and disinhibited behavior?

A

Lesions in the amygdala cause Klüver-Bucy syndrome, characterized by hyperorality, hypersexuality and disinhibited behavior)

147
Q

A lesion in what area of the brain may cause personality changes and deficits in concentration, orientation, and judgment?

A

The frontal lobe

148
Q

A lesion in what area of the brain may result in spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)?

A

The right parietal lobe

149
Q

A lesion in what area of the brain may result in reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (eg, coma)?

A

The reticular activating system

150
Q

A patient with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome likely has a lesion in what area of the brain?

A

The mammillary bodies

151
Q

Intention tremor and limb ataxia may indicate a lesion in what area of the brain?

A

The cerebellar hemisphere (remember: cerebellar hemispheres are laterally located and affect lateral limbs)

152
Q

Damage to the cerebellum results in _____ (ipsilateral/contralateral) deficits.

A

Ipsilateral

153
Q

Truncal ataxia may indicate a lesion in what area of the brain?

A

The cerebellar vermis (remember: vermis is centrallylocated–affects central body)

154
Q

Anterograde amnesia (the inability to make new memories) may indicate a lesion of what area of the brain?

A

The hippocampus

155
Q

In a lesion of the paramedian pontine reticular formation, the eyes look _____ (away from/toward) the side of the lesion. In a lesion of the frontal eye fields, the eyes look _____ (away from/toward) the lesion.

A

Away from; toward

156
Q

Dysarthria may be indicative of a lesion in which part of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar vermis

157
Q

What are the symptoms of central pontine myelinosis?

A

Dysarthria, acute paralysis, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness

158
Q

What is a common iatrogenic cause of central pontine myelinosis?

A

Correcting hyponatremia too rapidly

159
Q

Name a symptom of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

A

Hoarseness

160
Q

What is Broca;s aphasia?

A

Nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension

161
Q

A patient with aphasia indicates that he can comprehend what the physician is saying but is unable to respond in spoken words. In what part of the brain is this lesion likely located (location and name)?

A

The inferior frontal gyrus (Broca;s area)

162
Q

What is Wernicke;s aphasia?

A

Fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension

163
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Motor inability to speak

164
Q

Motor inability to speak

A

Aphasia is a higher-order inability to speak whereas dysarthria is a motor inability to speak

165
Q

Which areas are affected in global aphasia?

A

Both Wernicke;s and Broca;s areas are affected, resulting in nonfluent aphasia and impaired comprehension.

166
Q

Poor repetition but fluent speech with intact comprehension is characteristic of _____ (global/conduction) aphasia.

A

Conduction aphasia

167
Q

Which artery supplies the anteromedial surface of the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

168
Q

The middle cerebral artery supplies which surface of the brain?

A

Lateral surface

169
Q

The posterior cerebral artery supplies the _____ and _____ surfaces of the brain.

A

Posterior and inferior

170
Q

A patient presents with symptoms consistent with those of an acute stroke: he is unable to move his leg or foot. What artery in the brain may be occluded?

A

The anterior cerebral artery; the contralateral medial surface of the frontal cortex is infarcted

171
Q

A patient presents with symptoms that are consistent with those of an acute stroke: he is unable to feel or move one arm and half of his face. What artery in the brain may be occluded?

A

The middle cerebral artery

172
Q

What artery supplies both Wernicke;s and Broca;s speech areas?

A

The middle cerebral artery

173
Q

What is the most common site for an aneurysm of the circle of Willis? What type of sign or symptom is this most likely to cause?

A

An aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery; visual field deficits

174
Q

An aneurysm in what artery of the Circle of Willis may cause cranial nerve III palsy?

A

The posterior communicating artery

175
Q

What arteries supply the internal capsule, the caudate, the putamen, and the globus pallidus?

A

The lateral striate

176
Q

The divisions of which artery make up the lateral striate?

A

The middle cerebral artery

177
Q

What are the symptoms of an isolated stroke of the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis

178
Q

What symptoms are expected in a patient who suffered a watershed infarct?

A

Upper leg and upper arm weakness; defects in higher-order visual processing

179
Q

A patient presents with acute motor and sensory deficits of the lower leg and foot. Which cerebral artery could be blocked?

A

The anterior cerebral artery

180
Q

What are the symptoms of an anterior spinal artery stroke?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis of the lower extremities, decreased contralateral proprioception (medial lemniscus), ipsilateral paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve

181
Q

What are the symptoms of an anterior inferior cerebellar artery stroke?

A

Ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsislateral facial pain and temperature sense dysfunction, ipsilateral cochlear nucleus dysfunction, nystagmus, ipsilateral dystaxia

182
Q

What are the symptoms of a posterior cerebral artery stroke?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing (supplies occipital cortex)

183
Q

A patient presents to the emergency room with contralateral loss of pain and temperature, ipsilateral dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex, vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, vomiting, ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome, ipsilateral ataxia, and ipsilateral loss of facial pain and temperature sense. You immediately recognize this as _____syndrome, which is caused by a stroke in which artery?

A

Wallenberg;s; posterior inferior cerebellar artery

184
Q

A stroke patient with aphasia, sensory and/or motor dysfunction likely has a stroke affecting an artery of the _____ (anterior/posterior) circle of Willis.

A

The anterior circle

185
Q

A stroke patient with coma, vertigo, visual field deficits, and/or ataxia likely has a stroke affecting an artery of the _____ (anterior/posterior) circle of Willis.

A

The posterior circle

186
Q

Stroke involving the posterior inferior cerebellar artery results in which syndrome, characterized by nausea, vomiting, nystagmus, ipsilateral ataxia, and Horner;s syndrome?

A

Wallenberg;s syndrome

187
Q

Which syndrome is associated with stroke involving the basilar artery?

A

Locked-in syndrome

188
Q

Where are the two watershed zones in the brain that are the first areas to be affected in hypotensive states?

A

Between the anterior cerebral/middle cerebral arteries, and between the posterior cerebral/middle cerebral arteries

189
Q

Which areas, damaged during in hypotensive episodes, result in upper leg and upper arm weakness, and defects in higher-order visual processing?

A

Watershed zones

190
Q

What is the most common site of berry aneurysms?

A

Bifurcation of the anterior communicating artery in the circle of Willis

191
Q

What are the neurological sequelae of a ruptured aneurysm?

A

Hemorrhagic stroke/subarachnoid hemorrhage

192
Q

What type of aneurysm is associated with chronic hypertension?

A

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms; often found in the basal ganglia and thalamus

193
Q

Adult polycystic kidney disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfan;s syndrome are associated with which type of aneurysm?

A

Berry aneurysm

194
Q

What are four important risk factors for aneurysm formation?

A

Advanced age, hypertension, smoking, race (blacks have higher risk)

195
Q

What is the common presentation of epidural hematoma?

A

Head injury, followed by a lucid interval and then coma and death

196
Q

What type of intracranial hematoma is commonly the result of rupture of the middle meningeal artery after temporal bone fracture?

A

Epidural hematoma

197
Q

What type of intracranial hematoma is usually the result of the rupture of bridging veins?

A

Subdural hematoma

198
Q

What type of intracranial hematoma usually occurs in elderly patients with a delayed onset of symptoms and has predisposing factors that include brain atrophy, shaking, and whiplash?

A

Subdural hematoma

199
Q

A patient presents with a complaint of the worst headache of her life. She has a bloody spinal tap and dies within minutes of presentation. What type of hemorrhage does this patient have?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

200
Q

A rupture of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation typically results in what type of hemorrhage?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

piggy (83 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions