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Embryology - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Embryologically, the left sixth aortic arch gives rise to which two structures (C)?

A

Proximal pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

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2
Q

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the yolk sac produce fetal RBCs?

A

Weeks 3-8

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3
Q

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the liver produce fetal RBCs?

A

Weeks 6-30

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4
Q

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the spleen produce fetal RBCs?

A

Weeks 9-28

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5
Q

During fetal erythropoiesis, when does the bone marrow start producing fetal RBCs?

A

Week 28

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6
Q

During fetal erythropoiesis, what is the first location to produce fetal RBCs during development?

A

The yolk sac

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7
Q

Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in what organs during development?

A

The yolk sac, the liver, the spleen, and the bone marrow

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8
Q

What is the order in which organs become the primary site of fetal erythropoiesis?

A

The Yolk sac, Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow

remember: Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

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9
Q

What is the composition of fetal hemoglobin?

A

α2γ2

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10
Q

What is the composition of adult hemoglobin?

A

α2β2

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11
Q

Fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin share the same ____ chains. However, they differ in that fetal hemoglobin contains ____ chains, whereas adult hemoglobin contains ____ chains.

A

α; γ; β

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12
Q

What is the approximate oxygen saturation in the umbilical vein?

A

0.8

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13
Q

Name the three important shunts in the fetal circulation.

A

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus

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14
Q

What structure shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation?

A

The foramen ovale

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15
Q

What structure shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetal circulation?

A

The ductus arteriosus

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16
Q

What structure connects the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava in the fetal circulation?

A

The ductus venosus

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17
Q

Well-oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava mainly passes through which shunt to reach the brain of the fetus?

A

The foramen ovale

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18
Q

Less-oxygenated blood from the superior vena cava mainly passes through which shunt to reach the lower limbs of the fetus?

A

The ductus arteriosus

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19
Q

The _____ shunts well-oxygenated blood from the placenta to the IVC to bypass the _____ in the fetus.

A

ductus venosus; liver

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20
Q

During fetal life, is the pressure in the right atrium or the left atrium higher?

A

The right atrium

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21
Q

At birth, after the neonate takes a breath, is the pressure in the right atrium or the left atrium higher?

A

The left atrium

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22
Q

With an infant’s first breath, the resistance in the pulmonary vasculature _____ (increases/decreases), which causes ______ (increased/decreased) left atrial pressure as compared with the right side. This change in the pressure gradient causes the closure of the ______.

A

decreases; increased; foramen ovale

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23
Q

After a neonate has started breathing, the oxygen saturation in the blood ______ (increases/decreases), thereby leading to a(n) ______ (increase/decrease) in the synthesis of prostaglandins, which is responsible for the closure of the ______.

A

Increases; decrease; ductus arteriosus

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24
Q

The _____ closes in response to alterations in the pressure gradient across the atria, whereas the _____ closes in response to decreased prostaglandin synthesis.

A

foramen ovale; ductus arteriosus

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25
Q

What is the drug of choice to constrict the ductus arteriosus in an infant with patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Indomethacin

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26
Q

Certain drugs can be given to the newborn that affect the patency of the ductus arteriosus. The drug ______ can close the ductus arteriosus. By contrast, ______ can keep the ductus arteriosus open.

A

Indomethacin; prostaglandins

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27
Q

The umbilical vein in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

A

The ligamentum teres hepatis

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28
Q

The ligamentum teres hepatis is contained in what structure in the adult?

A

The falciform ligament

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29
Q

The umbilical arteries in the fetus become what structures in the adult?

A

The mediaL umbilical ligaments come from the umbiLical arteries

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30
Q

The ductus arteriosus in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

A

The ligamentum arteriosum

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31
Q

The ductus venosus in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

A

The ligamentum venosum

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32
Q

The foramen ovale in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

A

The fossa ovalis

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33
Q

The allantois (urachus) in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

A

The mediaN umbilical ligament comes from the allaNtois

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34
Q

The notochord in the fetus becomes what structure in the adult?

A

The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks

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35
Q

The ligamentum teres hepatis is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

A

The umbilical vein

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36
Q

The medial umbilical ligaments are remnants of what structures in the fetus?

A

The umbilical arteries

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37
Q

The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

A

The ductus arteriosus

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38
Q

The ligamentum venosum is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

A

The ductus venosus

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39
Q

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

A

The foramen ovale

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40
Q

The median umbilical ligament is a remnant of what structure in the fetus?

A

The allantois (urachus)

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41
Q

The nucleus pulposus found in intervertebral disks is derived from what fetal structure?

A

The notochord

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42
Q

The medial umbilical ligament is derived from the _____, whereas the median umbilical ligament is derived from the _____.

A

umbilical artery; allantois (urachus)

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43
Q

A urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant of what structure?

A

The urachus

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44
Q

What is the name for the part of the allantoic duct that runs between the bladder and umbilicus?

A

The urachus

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45
Q

The urachus connects the _____ to the ______.

A

Bladder; umbilicus

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46
Q

Embryologically, the first aortic arch gives rise to part of what artery?

A

The MAXillary artery

remember: the 1st arch is MAXimal

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47
Q

Embryologically, the second aortic arch gives rise to what two arteries?

A

The stapedial artery and the hyoid artery (remember: Second = Stapedial)

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48
Q

Embryologically, the third aortic arch gives rise to which two arteries?

A

The common Carotid and proximal internal Carotid (remember: C is the third letter of the alphabet)

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49
Q

Embryologically, the fourth aortic arch on the left gives rise to what structure?

A

The aortic arch (remember: 4th arch [4 limbs] = systemic circulation)

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50
Q

Embryologically, the fourth aortic arch on the right gives rise to what structure?

A

The subclavian artery (remember: 4th arch [4 limbs] = systemic circulation)

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51
Q

Embryologically, what does the fifth aortic arch give rise to?

A

Nothing

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52
Q

Embryologically, the sixth aortic arch gives rise to part of what structure on both the right and the left?

A

The pulmonary artery

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53
Q

Embryologically, the sixth aortic arch gives rise to part of the pulmonary artery, as well as what structure on the left side?

A

The ductus arteriosus

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54
Q

Embryologically, the fourth aortic arch gives rise to the _____ on the left and the _____ on the right.

A

Aortic arch; subclavian artery

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55
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the telencephalon in the developing brain?

A

The cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

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56
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the diencephalon in the developing brain?

A

The thalami and third ventricle

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57
Q

What is the adult derivative of the mesencephalon in the developing brain?

A

Midbrain

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58
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the metencephalon in the developing brain?

A

The pons and the cerebellum

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59
Q

What is the adult derivative of the myelencephalon in the developing brain?

A

The medulla

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60
Q

What adult structure is derived from the cavity in the embryonic mesencephalon?

A

The aqueduct

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61
Q

What adult structure is derived from the cavity in the embryonic metencephalon and myelencephalon?

A

4th ventricle

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62
Q

Neural tube defects are associated with low intake of what substance during pregnancy?

A

Folic acid

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63
Q

Neural tube defects are associated with elevated levels of what substance in amniotic fluid and maternal serum?

A

α-Fetoprotein

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64
Q

In the fetus, the failure of the bony spinal canal to close (without structural herniation) will result in what type of neural tube defect?

A

Spina bifida occulta

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65
Q

A _____ is characterized by the meninges herniating through a spinal canal defect.

A

Meningocele

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66
Q

A _____ is characterized by the meninges and spinal cord herniating though a spinal canal defect.

A

myelomeningocele

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67
Q

Identify the three types of spinal neural tube defects.

A

Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele

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68
Q

What is the most common location of spina bifida occulta?

A

Lower vertebral levels

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69
Q

True or False: In spina bifida occulta, the dura mater is malformed.

A

False; the dura is intact

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70
Q

What is the term for a malformation of the anterior neural tube, causing no brain or calvarium?

A

Anencephaly

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71
Q

Anencephaly is characterized by malformation of the _____ (anterior/posterior) end of the neural tube.

A

Anterior

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72
Q

In anencephaly, the α-fetoprotein level is typically _____ (decreased/increased).

A

Increased

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73
Q

What happens to the amniotic fluid if the fetus has anencephaly?

A

There is polyhydramnios due to the lack of a swallowing center in the brain: the fetus cannot swallow amniotic fluid

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74
Q

What is the term for decreased separation of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline in a fetus?

A

Holoprosencephaly

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75
Q

An infant has cyclopia; what neural defect are you worried about?

A

Holoprosencephaly

76
Q

Name 2 syndromes associated with holoprosencephaly.

A

Patau’s syndrome and severe fetal alcohol syndrome

77
Q

Chiari type II malformation is associated with what type of herniation?

A

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

78
Q

What CSF abnormality results when the cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum in a Chiari II malformation?

A

Aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly

79
Q

A patient presents with syringomyelia, throacolumbar myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus; what syndrome do you suspect?

A

A Chiari type II malformation

80
Q

What type of posterior fossa malformation is associated with a large posterior fossa and an absent cerebellum with a cyst in its place?

A

Dandy-Walker

81
Q

True or False: A Dandy-Walker malformation is a posterior fossa malformation associated with a large cyst compressing the cerebellum against the bones of the posterior fossa.

A

False; in a Dandy-Walker malformation, the cerebellum is absent and the space is filled by a cyst

82
Q

An MRI of the cervical spine shows an enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord; what is the term for this lesion?

A

Syringomyelia; syrinx is greek for tube, as in syringe

83
Q

A patient has syringomyelia; which neuronal fibers in the spinal cord are damaged?

A

Crossing fibers of the spinothalamic tract are damaged by the expanding central canal

84
Q

You are seeing a patient who has a loss of pain and temperature sensation in the hands, but touch is intact; where is the lesion?

A

This describes the “cape-like” distribution of syringomyelia; this is most commonly at C8-T1

85
Q

What malformation of the calvarium is commonly associated with syringomyelia?

A

Chiari II malformation

86
Q

True or False: Syringomyelia typically presents with unilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.

A

False; this is a midline lesion causing bilateral pain and temperature loss with preservation of touch sensation

87
Q

Embryologically, what are the three components of the branchial apparatus (also called the pharyngeal apparatus)?

A

Clefts, arches, and pouches

88
Q

Embryologically, branchial clefts are derived from what primary germ layer?

A

The ectoderm

89
Q

Embryologically, branchial arches are derived from what primary germ layer and what cell type?

A

The mesoderm and the neural crest

90
Q

Which components of the branchial arch are derived from mesoderm?

A

Muscles and arteries

91
Q

Which components of the branchial arch are derived from neural crest cells?

A

Bones and cartilage

92
Q

Embryologically, branchial pouches are derived from what primary germ layer?

A

The endoderm

93
Q

What is the other name for the branchial apparatus in a developing embryo?

A

The pharyngeal apparatus

94
Q

What is the other name for branchial clefts in a developing embryo?

A

Grooves

95
Q

What is the order of branchial apparatus components, from outside to inside?

A

Clefts, Arches, Pouches (remember: CAP covers outside from inside)

96
Q

Embryologically, branchial arch 1 derivatives are supplied by which two cranial nerves?

A

V2 and V3

97
Q

Embryologically, cranial nerves V2and V3 supply the derivatives of which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

98
Q

Branchial arch 2 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerve?

A

VII

99
Q

Embryologically, cranial nerve VII supplies the derivatives of which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

100
Q

Branchial arch 3 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerve?

A

IX

101
Q

Embryologically, cranial nerve IX supplies the derivatives of which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 3

102
Q

Embryologically, branchial arches 4 and 6 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerve?

A

X

103
Q

Embryologically, cranial nerve X supplies the derivatives of which branchial arches?

A

Branchial arches 4 and 6

104
Q

Branchial arch 1 is the origin of muscles involved in what action?

A

Chewing

105
Q

Branchial arch 2 is the origin of muscles that perform which actions?

A

Facial expressions

106
Q

Branchial arch 4 is the origin for muscles that perform which action? Arch 6?

A

Swallowing; speaking

107
Q

Which four cranial nerves are the only ones with both sensory and motor components?

A

V3, VII, IX, and X

108
Q

Embryologically, the mandible is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

109
Q

Embryologically, the malleus is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

110
Q

Embryologically, the incus is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

111
Q

Embryologically, the sphenomandibular ligament is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

112
Q

Embryologically, the muscles of mastication (the temporalis, the masseter, and the medial and lateral pterygoids) are derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

113
Q

Embryologically, the mylohyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

114
Q

Embryologically, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

115
Q

Embryologically, the tensor tympani is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

116
Q

Embryologically, the tensor veli palatini is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

117
Q

Embryologically, the anterior two thirds of the tongue are derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 1

118
Q

Embryologically, the cartilaginous derivatives of branchial arch 1 in the embryo are called what?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

119
Q

What syndrome occurs when neural crest cells in the first branchial arch fail to migrate, causing mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

120
Q

Embryologically, branchial arch 1 gives rise to which two cranial nerves?

A

V2 and V3

121
Q

Which bones are derived from the first branchial arch?

A

The mandible, malleus and incus (Meckel’s cartilage)

122
Q

Which muscles are derived from the first branchial arch?

A

The Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue

123
Q

Which ligament is derived from the first branchial arch?

A

The sphenoMandibular ligament (Meckel’s cartilage)

124
Q

Embryologically, the cartilaginous derivatives from branchial arch 2 are called what?

A

Reichert’s cartilage

125
Q

Embryologically, the stapes is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

126
Q

Embryologically, the styloid process is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

127
Q

Embryologically, the lesser horn of the hyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

128
Q

Embryologically, the stylohyoid ligament is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

129
Q

Embryologically, the muscles of facial expression are derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

130
Q

Embryologically, the stapedius is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

131
Q

In the embryo, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

132
Q

Embryologically, the stylohyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 2

133
Q

Which bones are derived from the second branchial arch?

A

The Stapes, Styloid process, and lesser horn of hyoid (Second branchial arch)

134
Q

Which muscles are derived from the second branchial arch?

A

The muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric (Second branchial arch)

135
Q

Which ligament is derived from the second branchial arch?

A

The Stylohyoid ligament (Second branchial arch)

136
Q

Embryologically, branchial arch 2 gives rise to which cranial nerve?

A

VII

137
Q

Embryologically, the malleus is derived from branchial arch _____, the incus is derived from branchial arch _____, and the stapes is derived from branchial arch _____.

A

1; 1; 2

138
Q

Embryologically, the stylohyoid ligament is derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the sphenomandibular ligament is derived from branchial arch _____.

A

2; 1

139
Q

Embryologically, the greater horn of the hyoid is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 3

140
Q

Embryologically, the stylopharyngeus muscle is derived from which branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 3 (think of pharynx: stylopharyngeus innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve)

141
Q

Embryologically, branchial arch 3 gives rise to which cranial nerve?

A

IX (think of pharynx: stylopharyngeusinnervated by glossopharyngeal nerve)

142
Q

Embryologically, the greater horn of the hyoid is derived from branchial arch _____, and the lesser horn of the hyoid is derived from branchial arch _____.

A

3; 2

143
Q

Embryologically, the stylohyoid muscle is derived from branchial arch ____, whereas the stylopharyngeus muscle is derived from branchial arch ____.

A

2; 3

144
Q

What is the embryonic origin of a congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula?

A

This is the persistence of a cleft and pouch creating a fistula between the tonsillar area and a cleft in the lateral neck

145
Q

Embryologically, thyroid cartilage is derived from which branchial arches?

A

Branchial arches 4 and 6

146
Q

Embryologically, cricoid cartilage is derived from which branchial arches?

A

Branchial arches 4 and 6

147
Q

Embryologically, the arytenoids are derived from which branchial arches?

A

Branchial arches 4 and 6

148
Q

Embryologically, the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages are derived from which branchial arches?

A

Branchial arches 4 and 6

149
Q

Which cartilages are derived from the fourth and sixth branchial arches?

A

Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilage

150
Q

Embryologically, most pharyngeal constrictor muscles are derived from what branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 4

151
Q

Embryologically, the cricothyroid muscle is derived from what branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 4

152
Q

Embryologically, the levator veli palatini is derived from what branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 4

153
Q

Which muscles are derived from the fourth branchial arch?

A

Most pharyngeal constrictors, the cricothyroid, and the levator veli palatini

154
Q

Embryologically, all intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid) are derived from what branchial arch?

A

Branchial arch 6

155
Q

Which muscles are derived from the sixth branchial arch?

A

All intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

156
Q

Embryologically, branchial arch 4 gives rise to which laryngeal branch of which cranial nerve?

A

The superior laryngeal branch of cranial nerve X; this is responsible for swallowing

157
Q

Embryologically, branchial arch 6 gives rise to which branch of cranial nerve X?

A

The recurrent laryngeal branch of cranial nerve X; this is responsible for speaking

158
Q

Embryologically, most intrinsic muscles of the larynx are derived from branchial arch _____, except for the cricothyroid, which is derived from branchial arch _____.

A

6; 4

159
Q

Embryologically, the levator veli palatini is derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the tensor veli palatini is derived from branchial arch _____.

A

4; 1

160
Q

Embryologically, the superior laryngeal nerve is derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the recurrent laryngeal branch is derived from branchial arch _____.

A

4; 6

161
Q

Embryologically, the posterior third of the tongue is derived from which branchial arches?

A

Branchial arches 3 and 4

162
Q

True or False: Embryologically, branchial arch 5 makes no major contribution to any structure.

A

True

163
Q

Embryologically, the anterior two thirds of the tongue are derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the posterior third is derived from branchial arches _____ and _____.

A

1; 3; 4

164
Q

What structure is derived from the first branchial cleft?

A

The external auditory meatus

165
Q

The external auditory meatus is derived from what branchial structure?

A

The first branchial cleft

166
Q

Branchial clefts 2 through 4 develop into ______ ______, which are temporary.

A

Cervical sinuses

167
Q

True or False: Derivatives of the second through fourth branchial clefts are present in the adult.

A

False; the cervical sinuses formed from branchial clefts 2 through 4 are temporary

168
Q

On imaging, where would you expect to find a persistent cervical sinus?

A

On the lateral aspect of the neck, as this arises from a branchial cleft cyst

169
Q

Embryologically, the middle ear cavity is derived from which branchial pouch?

A

Branchial pouch 1

170
Q

Embryologically, the Eustachian tube is derived from which branchial pouch?

A

Branchial pouch 1

171
Q

Embryologically, the mastoid air cells are derived from which branchial pouch?

A

Branchial pouch 1

172
Q

What are the derivatives of the first branchial pouch?

A

The middle ear cavity, eustacian tube, and mastoid air cells

173
Q

Embryologically, the first branchial pouch contributes to structures that are lined by which germ cell layer?

A

The endoderm

174
Q

Embryologically, the epithelial lining of the palatine tonsils are derived from which branchial pouch?

A

Branchial pouch 2

175
Q

What are the derivatives of the second branchial pouch?

A

The epithelial lining of the palatine tonsils

176
Q

Embryologically, the inferior parathyroid glands are derived from which branchial pouch?

A

The dorsal wings of branchial pouch 3 (remember: 3rd pouch structures end up below 4th pouch structures)

177
Q

Embryologically, the thymus is derived from which branchial pouch?

A

The ventral wings of branchial pouch 3 (remember: 3rd pouch structures end up below 4th pouch structures)

178
Q

Embryologically, the superior parathyroid glands are derived from which branchial pouch?

A

The dorsal wings of branchial pouch 4 (remember: 3rd pouch structures end up below 4th pouch structures)

179
Q

Embryologically, the superior parathyroid glands are derived from branchial pouch _____, and the inferior parathyroid glands are derived from branchial pouch _____.

A

4; 3

180
Q

Embryologically, which three structures are derived from the third branchial pouch?

A

The thymus and the right and left inferior parathyroid glands

181
Q

Embryologically, aberrant development of branchial pouches 3 and 4 leads to what syndrome?

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

182
Q

The muscles of facial expression are derived from branchial arch _____, whereas the muscles of mastication are derived from branchial arch _____.

A

2 ; 1

183
Q

Embryologically, the anterior belly of the digastric is derived from branchial arch ____, and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is derived from branchial arch ____.

A

1 ; 2

184
Q

Embryologically, the stapedius is derived from branchial arch ____, and the tensor tympani is derived from branchial arch ____.

A

2 ; 1

185
Q

Embryologically, DiGeorge syndrome involves aberrant fetal development of the ______, which leads to T-lymphocyte deficiency, and of the ______ _____, which leads to hypocalcemia.

A

Thymus; parathyroid glands

piggy (83 decks)

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