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piggy > Behavioural Science - Physiology > Flashcards

Behavioural Science - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What four physiologic mechanisms can be affected by stress?

A

Water absorption, muscular tonicity, gastrocolic reflex, and mucosal circulation

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2
Q

The production of what substances in the body are increased by stress?

A

Free fatty acids, 17-OH corticosteroids, lipids, cholesterol, and catecholamines

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3
Q

What is one example of a psychological cause of sexual dysfunction?

A

Performance anxiety

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4
Q

Name four classes of drugs or substances that can cause sexual dysfunction

A

Antihypertensives, neuroleptics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ethanol

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5
Q

What are two examples of disease states that can cause sexual dysfunction?

A

Depression and diabetes

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6
Q

What are three general categories of aetiologies of sexual dysfunction?

A

Drugs, disease, and psychologic issues

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7
Q

The body mass index is a measure of weight that is adjusted for what factor?

A

Height

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8
Q

What is the formula for calculating the body mass index?

A

Weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters squared)

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9
Q

What is the normal range of the body mass index?

A

18.5 to 24.9

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10
Q

A person with a body mass index of less than what number is considered underweight?

A

18.5

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11
Q

A person with a body mass index in what range is considered overweight?

A

25.0 to 29.9

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12
Q

A person with a body mass index of what number is considered obese?

A

30.0+

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13
Q

What is stage 1 sleep?

A

Light sleep

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14
Q

What is stage 3-4 sleep?

A

The deepest non-REM sleep; also known as slow-wave sleep

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15
Q

Which stage of sleep is characterized by dreaming and loss of motor tone?

A

REM sleep

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16
Q

Which stage of sleep may serve a memory processing function?

A

REM sleep

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17
Q

Bruxism is characteristic of which stage of sleep?

A

Stage 2

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18
Q

Stage 1 sleep is what percent of total sleep time?

A

5%

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19
Q

Stage 2 sleep is what percent of sleep time? Stage 2 sleep is what percent of sleep time?

A

45%

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20
Q

Stage 3-4 sleep is what percent of sleep time?

A

25%

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21
Q

REM sleep is what percent of sleep time?

A

25%

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22
Q

True or False? Stage 2 sleep is characterized by erections and decreased brain oxygen use.

A

False; REM sleep is characterized by erections and increased brain oxygen use

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23
Q

Awake and alert states are characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?

A

Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)

24
Q

Awake states with eyes closed are characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?

A

Alpha

25
Q

Stage 1 (light sleep) is characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?

A

Theta

26
Q

Stage 2 sleep is characterized by what two findings on electroencephalogram?

A

Sleep spindles and K complexes

27
Q

Stage 3-4 sleep is characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?

A

Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude)

28
Q

REM sleep is characterized by what electroencephalogram waveform?

A

Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)

29
Q

Theta waveforms characterize what stage of sleep?

A

Stage 1

30
Q

Sleep spindles and K complexes characterize what stage of sleep?

A

Stage 2

31
Q

Delta waveforms characterize what stages of sleep?

A

Stages 3-4

32
Q

Beta waveforms characterize what stage of sleep?

A

REM sleep

33
Q

What waveform is present in both REM sleep and the awake state, spawning terms like paradoxical sleep and desynchronized sleep?

A

Beta waves

34
Q

Which deep brain nucleus is responsible for initiation of sleep?

A

The raphe nucleus

35
Q

True or False? Serotonin is involved with the initiation of sleep.

A

True

36
Q

Norepinephrine _____ (increases/decreases) REM sleep.

A

Decreases

37
Q

Which brain area is responsible for rapid eye movements in sleep?

A

Extraocular movements during REM sleem are due to the activity of the paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center

38
Q

Which drug class is useful in treating sleepwalking and night terrors? What is the mechanism of action?

A

Benzodiazepines are useful for treating night terrors and sleepwalking because they shorten stage 4 sleep

39
Q

What medication can be used as a treatment for night terrors and sleepwalking?

A

Benzodiazepines, because they shorten stage 4 sleep

40
Q

Which drug is used to treat enuresis? What is its mechanism of action?

A

Imipramine, which works by shortening the duration of stage 4 sleep

41
Q

What are four physiologic changes that occur during REM sleep?

A

Increased and variable pulse, rapid eye movement, increased and variable blood pressure, and penile/clitoral tumescence

42
Q

REM sleep occurs approximately every _____ minutes throughout the night.

A

90

43
Q

How does the pattern of REM sleep change in later sleep?

A

The duration of REM sleep increases throughout the night

44
Q

What is the principle neurotransmitter involved in REM sleep?

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

Does REM sleep increase or decrease with age?

A

Decrease

46
Q

What is the most common medical treatment for narcolepsy?

A

Stimulants such as amphetamines or modafinil

47
Q

When do hypnagogic hallucinations occur?

A

Just before sleep begins; this is a hallmark of narcolepsy

48
Q

When do hypnopompic hallucinations occur?

A

Just before awakening; this is a hallmark of narcolepsy

49
Q

Define cataplexy.

A

The loss of all muscle tone as a result of a strong emotional stimulus; this is a hallmark of narcolepsy

50
Q

True or False? Narcolepsy has a strong genetic component.

A

True

51
Q

What type of sleep do narcoleptic episodes (as well as the nocturnal sleep of narcoleptics) start with?

A

REM sleep; this is known as short REM latency

52
Q

What sleep disorder is characterized by cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and automatic behavior?

A

Narcolepsy

53
Q

True or False? A person with narcolepsy can become drowsy or fall asleep at inappropriate times and places. Daytime naps may occur with or without warning, and they may be irresistible.

A

True

54
Q

Which nucleus of the hypothalamus drives circadian rhythm?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

55
Q

The release of which hormones or neurotransmitters is dictated by circadian rhythms?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, melatonin, and nocturnal norepinephrine

56
Q

The release of melatonin from the pineal gland is caused by the release of which neurotransmitter from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Norepinephrine

57
Q

Which environmental stimulus regulates the activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Light

piggy (83 decks)

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