Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Psych > Psych Unit 2 > Flashcards

Psych Unit 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Brainstem (Medulla and Pons)

A

connects the the spinal cord and the brain and includes:
Medulla - heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure
Pons - sleep and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

the most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates stress, growth, reproduction and controls other glands –> Master Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

primarily hormones related to stress / anxiety (epinephrine, adrenaline, cortisol) and also androgens (sex hormones) developing male sex characteristics (converted into estrogen in females)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pineal Gland

A

produces melatonin for regulating sleep patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth - surrounds trachea in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

connects the brain and spinal cord to all other neurons in the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements, transmits and receives messages from the senses and is involved in reflex actions without the involvement of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

-Dendrites (branching extensions to receive messages)
-Soma (cell body)
-Axon (neuron extension passes electrical messages)
-Myelin Sheath (covers axon, speeds up messages)
-Terminal (sends neurotransmitters)
-Synapse (the gap between neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Action Potential

A

a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Refractory Period

A

a period of inactivity following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

All-or-None Response

A

a neuron either firing or not firing, it must reach -55 mV for action potential to begin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap to transmit information from one neuron to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Agonist

A

A chemical that stimulates a response that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to a receptor site (heroin, oxycodone, morphine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antagonists

A

Chemical substances that block the action of a neurotransmitter (botox)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) Neurons

A

sensory - neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
motor - neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glial Cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the outer surface of the brain and associated with higher level processes with each cerebral hemisphere subdivided into four lobes with different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortex that lies just behind the forehead; executive functioning (problem solving, reasoning, personality, willpower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Motor Cortex

A

at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parietal lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear that registers and processes touch, pressure, temperature, pain and includes the sensory cortex

22
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations - has been mapped to show where specific signals are received

23
Q

Occipital lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head which receives visual information from the opposite visual field

24
Q

Temporal lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortex lying roughy above the ears each of which revives auditory information primarily from the opposite end

25
Q

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

Broca’s - in the left frontal lobe, expresses language by directing muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke’s - in the left temporal lobe, processes language comprehension and expression

26
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” at the rear of the brainstem controls fine motor control, posture, balance and enables nonverbal learning and memory

27
Q

Limbic system

A

part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses, includes thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

28
Q

Thalamus

A

the brains ‘traffic director’ at top of brainstem, it directs messages to the sensory areas and transmits them to cerebellum and medulla

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

is below the thalamus and part of the limbic system, it directs eating, drinking, body temperature, and helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland - linked to emotion and reward

30
Q

Amygdala

A

part of the limbic system, a lima bean sized neural cluster linked to emotion including rage and fear (angry lima bean)

31
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; may vary depending on population range and the environment

32
Q

Endocrine System

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

33
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

the brain and the spinal cord - primarily involved in coordinating incoming sensory messages and outgoing motor messages

34
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system - controls vital functions (heartbeat, breathing) and acute stress response (fight or flight).

It’s sympathetic system arouses, parasympathetic calms (PARents calm down their kids).

35
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage

36
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carries messages between them

37
Q

Split Brain (Sperry)

A

a condition in which the two brain hemispheres are isolated by cutting the nerves that connect them

38
Q

Lesioning

A

brain tissue destruction, can be a naturally or experimentally caused

39
Q

CT (computed tomography) scan

A

a series of x-ray photographs from different angles and combined into a composite representation of a slice through the body (also called a CAT scan)

40
Q

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

41
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) vs. fMRI (functional MRI)

A

MRI - uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images to distinguish various soft tissues

fMRI shows brain function by revealing blood flow of successive MRI scans

42
Q

Plasticity (Gazzaniga)

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

43
Q

identical twins (monozygotic) and fraternal twins (dizygotic)

A

Identical twins - develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Fraternal twins - twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; no genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment

44
Q

Depressants

A

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

45
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

46
Q

Hallucinogens

A

psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

47
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

a period of sleep lasting about 90 minutes and including one or more stages of NREM sleep, followed by REM sleep

48
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

49
Q

Sleep Disorders

A

serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning (such as sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, sleepwalking, sleep paralysis, narcolepsy)

50
Q

Charles Darwin

A

inspired evolutionary psychology that the studies behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection (genes vs. the environment)

AP Psych (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions