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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 8 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychological disorder

A

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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2
Q

DSM-V

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: A reference for coding psychiatric disorders or conditions.

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3
Q

anxiety disorder

A

a condition in which real or imagined fears are difficult to control

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4
Q

General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

a chronic or long-lasting state of anxiety, fear, and tenseness

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5
Q

panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

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6
Q

phobia

A

An extreme, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

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7
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

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8
Q

agraphobia

A

a fear of being in places or situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible

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9
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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10
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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11
Q

posttraumatic growth

A

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

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12
Q

mood disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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13
Q

major depressive disorder

A

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

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14
Q

bipolar disorder

A

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

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15
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A

A group of disorders that affect the development of the nervous system, leading to abnormal brain function which may affect emotion, learning ability, self-control, and memory, and tend to last for a person’s lifetime.

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16
Q

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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17
Q

autism

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

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18
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

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19
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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20
Q

psychosis

A

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

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21
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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22
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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23
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form, like pain, without apparent physical cause

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24
Q

conversion disorder

A

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences physical or psychological symptoms (like blindness, paralysis, or loss of voice) where no physiological basis can be found.

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25
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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26
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

27
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

28
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

29
Q

binge eating disorder

A

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

30
Q

personality disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

31
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

32
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

33
Q

biomedical therapy

A

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system

34
Q

eclectic approach

A

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

35
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

36
Q

transference

A

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

37
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

38
Q

insight therapies

A

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

39
Q

client-centered therapy

A

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

40
Q

active listening

A

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy.

41
Q

behavioral therapy

A

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

42
Q

counterconditioning

A

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

43
Q

exposure therapies

A

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

44
Q

systematic desensitization

A

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

45
Q

cognitive therapy

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

46
Q

aversive conditioning

A

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

47
Q

rational emotional behavior therapy

A

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

48
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

49
Q

group therapy

A

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

50
Q

family therapy

A

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

51
Q

evidence-based practice

A

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

52
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding

53
Q

resilience

A

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

54
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

55
Q

anti-anxiety drugs

A

drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers

56
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

57
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

58
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

painless, magnetic pulses to help lessen the symptoms of depression.

59
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

60
Q

lobotomy

A

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

61
Q

Rosenhan experiment

A

Participants faked hallucinations to enter psychiatric hospitals but acted normally afterwards. They were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic medication.

62
Q

Albert Ellis

A

pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

63
Q

Aaron Beck

A

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

64
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned

AP Psych (8 decks)

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