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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 7 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

instinct

A

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

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2
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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3
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

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5
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

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6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

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7
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

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8
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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9
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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10
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

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11
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four states of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

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12
Q

sexual dysfunction

A

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

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13
Q

Hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

A

Estrogen - sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
Testosterone - the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.

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14
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

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15
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

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16
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

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17
Q

two-factor theory

A

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

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18
Q

polygraph

A

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

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19
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

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20
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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21
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

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22
Q

tend and befriend response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

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23
Q

psychophysiological illness

A

literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

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24
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

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25
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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26
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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27
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

28
Q

unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

29
Q

id, ego, superego

A

Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious.

30
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

31
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

32
Q

identification

A

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

33
Q

fixation

A

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

34
Q

psychodynamic theory

A

Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior

35
Q

defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

36
Q

repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

37
Q

regression

A

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

38
Q

reaction formation

A

defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus people, may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

39
Q

projection

A

defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

40
Q

rationalization

A

defense mechanism that offers self-justifiying explanations in place of the real, more threatneing unconscious reasons for one’s actions

41
Q

displacement

A

defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

42
Q

sublimation

A

defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

43
Q

projective test

A

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

44
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

45
Q

Rorschach Inkblot test

A

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

46
Q

false consensus effect

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

47
Q

self-actualization

A

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

48
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

49
Q

trait

A

a characteristic pattern of behavior of a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

50
Q

personality inventory

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

51
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

developed to identify emotional disorders

52
Q

empirically derived test

A

developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

53
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

54
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

55
Q

self-efficacy

A

An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

56
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

57
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

58
Q

collectivistic vs individualistic cultures

A

Individualistic cultures are taught that their primary responsibility is to the themselves. Collectivist cultures believe their primary responsibilities is to their families, community, and employers.

59
Q

abraham maslow

A

Humanistic psychologist known for his “Hierarchy of Needs” and the concept of “self-actualization”

60
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanistic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard and client centered therapy

61
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of “inferiority complex” and stressed the importance of birth order

62
Q

Karen Horney

A

Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud’s theory

63
Q

Carl Jung

A

neo-Freudian who created concept of “collective unconscious” and wrote books on dream interpretation

64
Q

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

A

psychologists who came up with the Big Five personality factors

65
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of “learned helplessness”

AP Psych (8 decks)

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