AP Psych Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

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2
Q

critical period

A

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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3
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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4
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; “The Strange Situation”: observation of parent/child attachment

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5
Q

Erik Erikson

A

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting “Who am I?”

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6
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

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7
Q

Imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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8
Q

Teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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9
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

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10
Q

Schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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11
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is “Heinz” who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

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12
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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13
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

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14
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles

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15
Q

John Piaget

A

developer of the cognitive development stage theory

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16
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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17
Q

preoperational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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18
Q

concrete operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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19
Q

formal operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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20
Q

preconventional morality

A

first level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

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21
Q

conventional morality

A

second level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by conforming to the society’s norms of behavior

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22
Q

post conventional morality

A

Kohlberg’s highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society’s rules, laws. And restrictions

23
Q

egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

24
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

25
Q

accommodation

A

When existing schemas might be altered or new schemas might be formed as a person learns new information and has new experiences.

26
Q

Assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

27
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

28
Q

authoritative parenting

A

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

29
Q

permissive parenting

A

Permissive parents tend to be warm, nurturing and usually have minimal or no expectations.

30
Q

gender identity

A

one’s sense of being male or female

31
Q

gender roles

A

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female

32
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

33
Q

emerging adulthood

A

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

34
Q

social learning theory

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

35
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.

36
Q

Zygote, Embryo, Fetus

A

Zygote- The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Embryo- The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Fetus- The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

37
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the first stage (birth to 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

38
Q

Object Permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

39
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

40
Q

Conservation

A

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

41
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person shown in young children by seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation. Includes secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment.

42
Q

Psychological Development Stages

A

Infancy-Basic Trust vs mistrust
Toddler-Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Preschool-initiative vs guilt
School-Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence-identity vs role confusion
Young adulthood-intimacy vs isolation
Middle age-generativity vs stagnation
Older age- integrity vs despair

43
Q

Self-Concept

A

How we perceived our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics

44
Q

Social Identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

45
Q

X Chromosome

A

The sex Chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two x chromosomes; males have one. An x chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

46
Q

Y Chromosome

A

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an x chromosomes from the mother, it produces a male child.

47
Q

Testosterone

A

Most important of the male sex hormones, both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone s in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics during puberty.

48
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

49
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

50
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics (breasts, hips, voice quality, body hair)

51
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

52
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

53
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment.

54
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development play research.