AP Psych Unit 6

Question 1

stranger anxiety

Answer 1

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Question 2

critical period

Answer 2

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 3

temperament

Answer 3

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 4

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 4

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; “The Strange Situation”: observation of parent/child attachment

Question 5

Erik Erikson

Answer 5

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting “Who am I?”

Question 6

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 6

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

Question 7

Imprinting

Answer 7

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Question 8

Teratogens

Answer 8

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 9

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 9

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

Question 10

Schema

Answer 10

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 11

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 11

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is “Heinz” who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

Question 12

maturation

Answer 12

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Question 13

Harry Harlow

Answer 13

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

Question 14

Carol Gilligan

Answer 14

moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles

Question 15

John Piaget

Answer 15

developer of the cognitive development stage theory

Question 16

sensorimotor stage

Answer 16

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Question 17

preoperational stage

Answer 17

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Question 18

concrete operational stage

Answer 18

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 19

formal operational stage

Answer 19

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 20

preconventional morality

Answer 20

first level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

Question 21

conventional morality

Answer 21

second level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in which the child’s behavior is governed by conforming to the society’s norms of behavior

Question 22

post conventional morality

Answer 22

Kohlberg’s highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society’s rules, laws. And restrictions

Question 23

egocentrism

Answer 23

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Question 24

theory of mind

Answer 24

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Question 25

accommodation

Answer 25

When existing schemas might be altered or new schemas might be formed as a person learns new information and has new experiences.

Question 26

Assimilation

Answer 26

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 27

authoritarian parenting

Answer 27

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Question 28

authoritative parenting

Answer 28

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

Question 29

permissive parenting

Answer 29

Permissive parents tend to be warm, nurturing and usually have minimal or no expectations.

Question 30

gender identity

Answer 30

one’s sense of being male or female

Question 31

gender roles

Answer 31

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female

Question 32

adolescence

Answer 32

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Question 33

emerging adulthood

Answer 33

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Question 34

social learning theory

Answer 34

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Question 35

Developmental Psychology

Answer 35

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.

Question 36

Zygote, Embryo, Fetus

Answer 36

Zygote- The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Embryo- The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Fetus- The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Question 37

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 37

In Piaget’s theory, the first stage (birth to 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Question 38

Object Permanence

Answer 38

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Question 39

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 39

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Question 40

Conservation

Answer 40

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Question 41

Attachment

Answer 41

An emotional tie with another person shown in young children by seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation. Includes secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment.

Question 42

Psychological Development Stages

Answer 42

Infancy-Basic Trust vs mistrust
Toddler-Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Preschool-initiative vs guilt
School-Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence-identity vs role confusion
Young adulthood-intimacy vs isolation
Middle age-generativity vs stagnation
Older age- integrity vs despair

Question 43

Self-Concept

Answer 43

How we perceived our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics

Question 44

Social Identity

Answer 44

The “we” aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

Question 45

X Chromosome

Answer 45

The sex Chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two x chromosomes; males have one. An x chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Question 46

Y Chromosome

Answer 46

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an x chromosomes from the mother, it produces a male child.

Question 47

Testosterone

Answer 47

Most important of the male sex hormones, both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone s in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 48

Puberty

Answer 48

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Question 49

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 49

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Question 50

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 50

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics (breasts, hips, voice quality, body hair)

Question 51

Menopause

Answer 51

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Question 52

Social Clock

Answer 52

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Question 53

Albert Bandura

Answer 53

Researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment.

Question 54

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 54

Investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development play research.