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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 1 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Introspection

A

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings (Structuralism)

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (Wundt)

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish (William James)

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4
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

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5
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.

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6
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Consciousness is best understood by observing the whole experience, rather than single elements, “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

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7
Q

Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior (Freud / Neo-Freudian)

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8
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

The human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices (Maslow, Rogers)

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9
Q

Biological Perspective

A

The influence of biology on behavior

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10
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Behavior as a result of the genetic inheritance from our ancestors

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11
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

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12
Q

Social-cultural (sociocultural) Perspective

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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13
Q

Applied vs. Basic Psychologists

A

Face to face work with clients, students, or patients vs. researchers working in labs

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14
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it - “I knew it all along”

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15
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Rationally deciding what to believe or what to do by evaluating information to see if it makes sense, is coherent, and founded on evidence.

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16
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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18
Q

Operational Definition

A

The procedures used to define research variables that is specific and allows research to be replicated

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19
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants and different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

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20
Q

Case Study

A

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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21
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Observing the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time

22
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

23
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

24
Q

Survey

A

Often an interview or questionnaire that provides researchers with information about how people think and act

25
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn

26
Q

Population

A

The whole group that you want to study and describe

27
Q

Random Sample

A

Method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected

28
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the relationship between two variables

29
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the degree of relationship between two variables (from -1 to +1)

30
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables displaying their relationship

31
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists

32
Q

Experiment

A

A research method that manipulates one or more independent variables to determine the effect on some behavior (dependent variable) while controlling relevant factors and randomly assigning participants to groups (experimental and control)

33
Q

Experimental vs. Control Groups

A

The group exposed to the treatment (the independent variable) vs. the group not exposed to the treatment

34
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, minimizing preexisting differences between those groups

35
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

When neither the researcher nor the subjects know if the who is in the experimental or control groups

36
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

37
Q

Independent, Dependent, and Confounding Variables

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated whose effect is being studied - the measurable outcome that changed from the independent variable - a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

38
Q

Reliability

A

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings (split-half, alternate forms, test-retest, interrater)

39
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do

40
Q

Central Tendency (mean, median, mode)

A

The average of a set of numbers, a measure of center in a set of numbers, the most frequently occurring scores

41
Q

Frequency Distribution (normal, bimodal, positive, negative)

A

A function that represents the distribution of variables as normal (symmetrical bell-shaped graph), bimodal (two peaks), positive skew (distributed more to the right), or negative (distributed more to the left)

42
Q

Range

A

Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data

43
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

44
Q

Statistical Significance (p-value)

A

The likelihood that an error would be made concerning a hypothesis in behavioral psychological research, generally an 5% error rate is reasonable

45
Q

Ethical Guidelines (APA)

A
  1. No coercion (people are doing it of their own accord)
  2. Informed consent (if deception is used, there must be a debriefed afterwards)
  3. Protect participants from harm and discomfort (put people at minimal risk)
  4. Respect confidentiality
  5. Must have a debrief afterwards
46
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

German physiologist opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 (structuralism and introspection)

47
Q

William James

A

American psychologist who studied how humans use perception to function in our environment (functionalism)

48
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures

49
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality - founded psychoanalysis

50
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

A pioneering force in the movement to reform the treatment of the mentally ill in America

51
Q
A

AP Psych (8 decks)

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