AP Psych Unit 9 Flashcards
Social Psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
Asch Conformity/Line Experiment
experiment designed to test how peer pressure to conform would influence the judgment and individuality of a test subject; found people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Attribution Theory
the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition (personality/temperament/etc…)
Discrimination
(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
Cognitive Dissonance
a mental conflict that occurs when your beliefs don’t line up with your actions. It’s an uncomfortable state of mind when someone has contradictory values, attitudes, or perspectives. We tend to rationalize our actions & change our attitudes NOT our behaviors.
Conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Door-in-the-face Phenomenon
Tendency for people who have first refused a large request to comply later with a smaller request.
Ethnocentricism
evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one’s own culture
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. (If they agree to give you $1.00, maybe they will agree to give you $5.00)
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Ingroup Bias
the tendency to favor our own group.
Ingroup
“Us”—people with whom we share a common identity.
Just-World Phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
Mere Exposure Effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
Milgram Experiment
a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience.
Norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe “proper” behavior.
Outgroup
“Them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
Prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
Reciprocity Norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. (We reciprocate good behavior)
Scapegoat Theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
Social Facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. )We do better when we have an audience .)
Social Loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
Stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
Superordinate Goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation; (BIG PICTURE IDEA - SHARED GOALS that override conflict.)
Peripheral Route Persuasion
influences people by way of incidental cues, like a speaker’s physical attractiveness or personal reliability. (We are more easily influenced by a person we find attractive or smart)
Outgroup homogeneity bias
the assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup
Outgroup bias
the tendency to have negative attitudes towards outgroup members
Other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.
Bystander Effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
Social trap
a situtaion in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Mirror-image prophecy
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
Social Inhibition
the tendency t perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others
Diffusion of Responsibility
reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others
Prisoner’s dilemma
a game in which pursuing dominant strategies results in noncooperation that leaves everyone worse off
Self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
False consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Confirmation bias
a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
Halo effect
the tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements
Elaboration likelihood model
a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes
Triangular Theory of Love
model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components
Philip Zimbardo
Social Psychologist that conducted Stanford Prison Experiment; college students were randomly assigned to roles of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at who social situations influence behavior; showed that people’s behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play
Leon Festinger
cognitive dissonance theory
Robert Sternberg
intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) and the Triangular Theory of Love
