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SSIS - AP Psychology 2023-24 > Psych Test (12/12/23) > Flashcards

Psych Test (12/12/23) Flashcards

1
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

the amount a stimulus has to change to become stronger or weaker before you can know it has changed

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2
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the smallest amount of weight change that is detectable by human touch is two percent in weber’s opinion if you lifted two bags that were each 100 pounds but one was 102 pounds you would be able to tell which one was heavier even with such a low increase however if the bag was 101 pounds you would not be able to tell which one is heavier

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3
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the second you can hear something, see something, taste something is when it has crossed your absolute threshold

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4
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

when your sensitivity to a specific stimulation decreases over time due to consistent exposure with that stimulation

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5
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

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6
Q

Pupil

A

opening in the center of the iris permitting light to pass which directs it onto the light-sensing cells of the retina at the back of the eye.

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7
Q

Constricted

A

less light comes in, but image is sharper on retina

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8
Q

Dilated

A

more light comes in, but image is less sharp

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9
Q

Pupil Role

A

control of retinal illumination, and improved depth of focus

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10
Q

Cornea Role

A

The cornea brings light into focus at the light sensitive receptors in our retina and initiates a series of visual events that result in our visual experience

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11
Q

Lens Role

A

The lens focuses light rays into specific images and projects the images onto the retina main function is to transmit light focusing on the retina

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12
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The optic nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers that serves as the communication cable between your eyes and your brain. Created by ganglion cells it sends messages from the back of your eye to your brain

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13
Q

Retina Role

A

the retina is the transducer When light hits the retina, it stimulates photoreceptors, creating an electric signal that is conveyed through other neurons it converts the graded electrical activity of photoreceptors into action potentials that travel to the brain via axons in the optic nerve.
-absorbs light
–processes images (transduces)
–sends visual information to brain
–contains specialized cells (rods and cones)

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14
Q

Rods Role

A

rods are responsible for vision in low light levels scototopic vision

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14
Q

Cones Role

A

active at higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity. otherwise known as depth perception or spatial awareness

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15
Q

Spatial Acuity

A

where things are and how close they are to each other in your field of vision

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16
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A
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17
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18
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18
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18
Q

Perception

A

the top down way our brains organize and interpret that information and put it into context

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19
Q

Optic Disk

A

The optic nerve, which exits the eye at the optic disc, carries the neural impulses from the eyeball to the brain

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19
Q

Sensation

A

the bottom up process by which our senses, like vision, hearing, and smell receive and relay outside stimuli

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19
Q

Fovea Role

A

The fovea contains the highest density of cone photoreceptors in the retina. It is responsible for sharp central vision and color vision things like reading and driving would be impossible without the fovea

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19
Webers Law Explained
we perceive differences on a logarithmic not linear scale its not the amount of change that matters its the percentage of change that matters
19
Rods
affect our gray scale and have to do with our peripheral vision making our minds able to see bumps in the road or a person coming up from behind us
20
Cones
they detect fine detail and color which is concentrated near the fovea, cones only work in well lit conditions were you can draw high amount of detail
20
Trichromatic Theory
first stated by Thomas Young the retina houses three specific color cones red, green and blue when stimulated their combined ability lets the eye register any color
20
Opponent Process Theory
first proposed by Ewald Hering when we are processing information through the thalamus it gets categorized into receptor sets inside the ganglion cells when one receptor in the set is excited another is inhibited black/white red/green blue/yellow
20
what happens when the rods and cones are stimulated
they trigger chemical that spark neural cells which activate the cells behind them known as bipolar cells
21
what is the job of bipolar cells?
their job is to turn on the ganglion cells the long tails of ganglion cells form together to make the optic nerve
22
feature detectors
has to due with cats escaping up trees to run away from predators because they have a greater sensitivity to vertical lines through evolution
22
Additive Colour mixing
it is light based start with a black paper with no reflection the more lighter colors you mix on a black page the more white is produced (puts in more wavelength, color and all the colors together are white which is why it becomes whiter and whiter)
22
subtractive color mixing
not light based the more colors you mix on a white paper with reflection the more likely you are to create black (takes away color which is why it is black)
22
top down with contour
you see the whole first then examine the pattern of whatever an object might be after you have seen the whole image
23
two binocular cues
retinal disparity and convergence
23
retinal disparity
you see slightly different information in your right eye then your left eye
23
convergence
changing your perception of depth
24
what do binocular depth cues rely on
rely on both eyes for viewing
24
retinal convergence
the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object A depth cue resulting from rotating the eyes inward to see something close.
25
relative size
images that are farther from us project a smaller image on the retina. We expect larger objects to be closer to us.
26
texture gradient
as distance increases, a texture gradually becomes less distinct
26
interposition
the shapes of near objects overlap or mask those of more distant ones
26
linear perspective
parallel lines that run away from the viewer seem to get closer together as you look down a large road it looks like the sides of the road become closer together the further away you are
27
light and shadow
patterns of light and dark suggest shadows that can create an impression of 3-D forms
27
motion parallax
requires motion and can't be represented in 2-D
28
monocular vision
we only need one eye to see. Depicted in 2-dimensional images.
29
figure ground
is defined as a human's ability to visually differentiate between an object and its background. When humans perceive a visual image, they tend to simplify it by separating it into figure and ground. The target object becomes the observer's main focus, both visually and mentally.
29
similarity
elements that are similar tend to be grouped together example is how the three jumps out from the circle of blended shapes
29
continuity
viewers tend to see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation
30
phi phenomenon
lots of lights blinking at the same time that are being perceived as moving together when they are staying still creating the appearance of motion
31
Simplicity
viewers tend to organize elements in the simplest way possible
31
proximity
elements that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
31
impossible figure (escher)
we make the assumption something could be built but in reality it cannot be constructed and you want to see it as something you already know so you believe it will work
32
ponzo illusion
I have the perception of a shape that is not real because I want it to make sense in my brain so I make it make sense
33
Ames room
they built the room in a way that masks the change in size so someone might appear taller in one area but in reality the place where they are taller is actually a much different size part of the house
33
role of fovea
to take light rays and convert them into signals that are then sent to the brain fovea is responsible for sharper vision
33
what is light?
light is electromagnetic radiation traveling in waves
34
ganglion cells role
along with bipolar cells ganglion cells make up the pathway for light or data about light to travel through after a reaction has happened like being blinded by a bright light and the light is brought to the ganglion cells they then make action potentials then the axons from the ganglion cells create the optic nerve
34
optic chiasm
meets the optic nerve from the other eye this is where axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain this arrangement is so that signals go to both hemispheres of the brain evenly
34
what happens after visual input is processed in the primary visual cortex?
it gets sent into the two streams otherwise known as the what and where pathways
35
why do some theorists believe color vision evolved?
because it improved human ability to find food while foraging to spot prey, and to quickly recognize predators
35
afterimage
A visual image that persists/stays after a stimulus is removed.
36
inattentional blindness
when you do not notice something because you are focusing on something else
36
selective attention
when you are heavily focused on one stimuli in a way that eliminates everything else so much that you miss another stimuli which has been added in very obviously and if you were not heavily focusing you would have immediately seen it
36
change blindness
when something in an environment changes and you do not notice since your focus is elsewhere in that moment
37
feature detection, what do you need to do when looking at anything?
you need information on the color of the object, the shape of the object and the motion of the object whether it is being thrown or perfectly still
38
4 possible responses in a signal detection experiment
- Hit - Miss - Correct Rejection - False Alarm
39
top down
you see the whole first then examine the pattern of whatever an object may be
40
what is amplitude
it is the perception of brightness or making things brighter
40
what does wavelength do?
changes the color or shade?

SSIS - AP Psychology 2023-24 (11 decks)

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