AP Psychology - Test #1 (Chapter 12)

Question 1

Bystander affect

Answer 1

You are less likely to receive help in a crowd of people then a smaller group

Question 2

Social inhibition

Answer 2

You give up/change aspects of yourself to be part of a group

Question 3

Social facilitation

Answer 3

Certain aspects of ourselves plus our behaviors are encouraged by a group

Question 4

How do conventionally attractive people have a hand up on the world, use three reasons

Answer 4

1. Attractive people command more attention
2. Attractive people are more likely to get higher paying job: better grades
3. Are more trusted

Question 5

Halo effect

Answer 5

interviewer allows positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements (one good thing means they definetely are a good person) if someone is attractive someone may assume they are intelligent or well kept

Question 6

Kinds of stereotypes

Answer 6

Gender
Age
Ethnicity
Occupation
Economic class
Religion
Political affiliation
Social affiliation

Question 7

Stereotypes are examples of (blank).

Answer 7

Representative hearistics (short cuts)
-probabilities
-Inaccurate representation
-Subjectively biased
based on expectations

Question 8

What do people believe if someone is attractive

Answer 8

They assume they have intelligence and positive traits

Question 9

Schemas

Answer 9

a mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store information about their environment. ex. your schema for your friend might include information about her appearance, her behaviors, her personality, and her preferences

Question 10

Self serving bias

Answer 10

Taking credit for ones own positive behavior then blame outside behavior for ones negative actions

Question 11

Modesty bias

Answer 11

Giving credit for positive outcomes plus taking credit for negative ones

Question 12

Self handicapping strategy

Answer 12

When we set ourselves up for failure and then when we fail the task and create a situational explanation when failure happens

Question 13

Spotlight effect

Answer 13

The tendency to think that more people notice small details about you than they do actually notice (acne, rips in jeans etc)

Question 14

Interpersonal attraction

Answer 14

Refers to positive feelings towards another includes liking, friendship, admiration, and lust

Question 15

Attribution process

Answer 15

Inferences or explanations we make about causes of events, the behavior of others and our own behavior

Question 16

Memory is selective

Answer 16

We tend to recall facts that fit our stereotypes and ones that do not

Question 17

actor-observer bias

Answer 17

the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on internal causes

Question 18

fundamental attribution error

Answer 18

Our observation as observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Question 19

foot in the door

Answer 19

when someone offers a very small offer at first so a larger offer in the future is more likely to go unnoticed

Question 20

door in the face

Answer 20

negotiator makes a large request that will most likely be turned down then its easier for the negotiator to suggest a much smaller request

Question 21

low ball / bait and switch

Answer 21

involves getting someone to listen to an attractive proposition before hidden costs are revealed (example car dealerships)

Question 22

reciprocity norm

Answer 22

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them (the rule that we should receive in kind what give out to others)

Question 23

Feigned Scarcity

Answer 23

Implying that a product is in scarce supply, even when it is not, in order to increase demand for it. (Government’s very commonly use this tactic)

Question 24

in group

Answer 24

a group that one identifies with and gets along with

Question 25

outgroup

Answer 25

a group that one does not belong to or identify with

Question 26

person perception

Answer 26

the process of forming impressions of others

Question 27

Companionate Love

Answer 27

is warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own

Question 28

Passionate Love

Answer 28

A complete absorption in another which includes sexual feeling and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotions

Question 29

Anxious Ambivalence in childhood

Answer 29

infant feels very anxious when separated from caretaker

Question 30

what sort of romantic troubles later in life would someone may have if they had A.A.A as a kid?

Answer 30

romantic relations marked with uncertainty in the love of a partner as well as relations with insecurity and anxiety

Question 30

Individualism

Answer 30

involves putting group goals behind ones own personal goals

Question 31

Collectivism

Answer 31

involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to

Question 32

mere exposure effect

Answer 32

repeated exposure to a stimulus creates greater interest in this stimulus (Example Smart Phones)

Question 32

Conformity

Answer 32

occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure

Question 32

Truth effect

Answer 32

simply repeating a statement causes it to be perceived as more valid or true

Question 32

Classical Conditoning / Pavlovs bell

Answer 32

using a bell pavlov created conditioning for his dog to salivate when a bell was rang because this bell was used to indicate that meat powder would soon be revealed in front of the dog

Question 33

social loafing

Answer 33

is a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared with working alone

Question 34

prejudice

Answer 34

is a negative attitude held toward members of a group

Question 35

observational learning

Answer 35

if a father displays racism or homophobia in front of his son it is much more likely his son will grow up with similar opinions and beliefs

Question 35

in Social Psychology a group is

Answer 35

a gathering that includes two or more people

Question 36

Groupthink

Answer 36

the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.

Question 36

Discrimination

Answer 36

involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a specific group

Question 37

Micro aggressions

Answer 37

biased thoughts, attitudes, and feelings that exist at an unconscious level

Question 37

Internal attributions

Answer 37

ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings

Question 37

external attribution

Answer 37

The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation

Question 38

matching hypothesis

Answer 38

males and females of aprox equal physical attractiveness are likely to date each other

Question 38

Reciprocity

Answer 38

liking people who show that they like you

Question 39

attitudes

Answer 39

are positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought

Question 40

explicit attitudes

Answer 40

attitudes that one holds consciously and can readily describe feeling an unconscious opinion on something

Question 41

implicit attitudes

Answer 41

are covert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic responses over which one has little conscious control feeling a fully conscious opinion of something or someone

Question 42

message

Answer 42

the information transmitted by the source

Question 43

source

Answer 43

the person who sends a communication

Question 44

cognitive dissonance

Answer 44

it is experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time or is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values.

Question 44

Receiver

Answer 44

The person to whom a message is sent.

Question 45

normative influence

Answer 45

when people conform to social norms because of fear for negative social consequences, ex. a group of people all think wearing yellow is strange so you chose to not wear yellow even though you like the colour

Question 46

informational influence

Answer 46

when people look to others on how they should act in negative situations, ex. if you walk into a class late and someone is drawing the diagram which on the board you may start drawing the diagram instead of asking the teacher just from the action of using this other person as a source of information

Question 47

Group polarisation

Answer 47

when a large group shares a similar opinion on a topic so the conversation is swayed to a more in depth discussion of that topic (ex if a lot of people in group believe in pro choice the conversation then goes much deeper into that discussion then it would if only one or two people believed in pro choice