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SSIS - AP Psychology 2023-24 > AP Psychology - Test #4 > Flashcards

AP Psychology - Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

are individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit information

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2
Q

The soma / cell body

A

cell body contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

recievers- are the parts of the neuron that are specialized to receive information

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4
Q

The myelin sheath

A

is insulating material that encases some axons

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5
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete (produce or discharge) chemicals called neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Synapse

A

an area where two neurons come close enough to one another that they are able to pass chemical signals from one cell to another

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7
Q

the axon

A

messenger from the nueron - is a long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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8
Q

Glia

A

are cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons they help clean up and give nourishment

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9
Q

the resting potential of a neuron

A

is its stable negative charge when the cell is inactive

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10
Q

an action potential

A

is a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon

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11
Q

absolute refractory period

A

is the minimum length of time after an action potential, during which another action potential cannot begin

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12
Q

neuron transmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

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13
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the microscopic space in-between two neurons because in a synapse the neurons are not actually connected

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14
Q

post synaptic potential

A

a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane

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15
Q

an excitatory PSP

A

a positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the post synaptic neuron will fire action potentials

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16
Q

an inhibitory PSP

A

a negative voltage shift that decreases the chance that the post synaptic neuron will fire action potentials

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17
Q

reuptake

A

a process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane

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18
Q

action potential

A

a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

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20
Q

somatic nervous system

A

is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

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21
Q

endorphins

A

internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects

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22
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

is made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord

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23
Q

Efferent nerve fibers

A

are axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body (efferent means escape)

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24
Q

nerves

A

are bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system

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25
sympathetic division
is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies
26
lesioning
involves destroying a piece of the brain
27
electrical stimulation of the brain
which involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it
28
afferent nerve fibers
are axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body (afferent = inward)
29
Autonomic nervous system
is made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands
30
Glutamine, what is it and how does it affect behavior
Glutamine is one of the key chemicals for building healthy neurotransmitters and it affects behavior by way of alertness, concentration, focus, memory and mood.
31
Gaba, what is it and how does it affect behavior
Gaba slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in your central nervous system and plays a major role in controlling anxiety, stress and fear. lower Gaba levels can be caused from severe neurological issues
32
Serotonin, what is it and how does it affect behavior
Serotonin a chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body, it deals with memory, controlling body temperature, happiness, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger
33
Dopamine, what is it and how does it affect behavior
dopamine encourages our brains to respond to things in pleasurable excitable ways dopamine encourages our brain cells to take certain action when responding to something this in turn influences our body both excitatory and inhibitory the reward pathway chemical related to addiction
34
endorphins, what is it and affect behavior when
Endorphins are chains of amino acids produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing they also have to do with self image endorphin levels can increase levels of confidence and it has been shown when endorphin levels increase stress and anxiety will decrease
35
acetylcholine, what is it and how does it affect behavior
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement
36
norepinephrine, what is it and how does it affect behavior
As a neurotransmitter in your brain and spinal cord, norepinephrine: Increases alertness, arousal and attention. Constricts blood vessels, which helps maintain blood pressure in times of stress. Affects your sleep-wake cycle, mood and memory.
37
meninges
enclosing coverings that protect the brain and spinal cord
38
cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord nutritive soup
39
mirror neurons
a type of neurons that discharge both when an individual executes an action and when someone observes another individual performing the same or a similar action they allow us to process facial expressions and interactions between people.
40
Step one of the neuron fulfilling action potential
the soma takes all the gathered information from the dendrites and puts it in a small compartment called the axon hillock
41
Step two of the neuron fulfilling action potential
if the signal coming from the dendrites is strong enough then it will be sent out to the next part of the neuron known as the axon this signal then becomes an action potential
42
Step three of the neuron fulfilling action potential
the action potential travels down the axon while being protected by something known as myelin this is here to make sure the axon potential will not degrade
43
Step four of the neuron fulfilling action potential
finally the action potential reaches the synaptic buttons otherwise known as axon terminals when this happens the signal can cause the release of a neurotransmitter
44
Step five of the neuron fulfilling action potential
when a neurotransmitter is released from an axon terminal it then interacts with the dendrites of the receptors on the next neuron and then the process repeats completing the action
45
presynaptic nueron
the neuron where the signal is initiated
46
what is inside the presynaptic neuron?
small chemical signals called neurotransmitters which are put into small sacks called vesicles each vesicle can contain thousands of neurotransmitters
47
why is reuptake important
because eventually the neurotransmitters must be cleared from the synaptic cleft and while they can float away with a process called diffusion most will be removed through reuptake where the neurotransmitters are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron
48
what happens when an action potential happens in the presynaptic neuron?
when the PSN is excited by an action potential the vesicles start to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft after they are in the synaptic cleft neuro transmitters interact with the receptors on the post synaptic membrane four: they then bind to these receptors and can cause an action to occur in the postsynaptic cell as a result
49
action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step one
when the PSN is excited by an action potential the vesicles start to fuse with the presynaptic membrane
50
action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step two
they then release their contents into the synaptic cleft
51
action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step three
after they are in the synaptic cleft neurotransmitters interact with the receptors on the post synaptic membrane
52
action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step four
they then bind to these receptors and can cause an action to occur in the postsynaptic cell as a result
53
action potential in the PSN (presynaptic nerve) step five
this action that is created could either increase or decrease the likelihood of an action potential being fired from the post synaptic neuron
54
what is the amygdala and what does it include
-emotions and reactions of emotions. center of fear, learner fear, social intuition
55
what is the Limbic System and what does it include
emotion and memory. includes thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and olfactory bulbs
56
what is the Hippocampus and what does it include
emotion and memory, includes thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and olfactory bulbs
57
what is the Corpus Callosum and what does it include
neurogenesis = produces more neurons has a role in memory alzheimer's causes hippocampal damage **directs memories to part of cortex for a memory storage. ex. memories of sound are stored in temporal lobe
58
what comes after the somatic nervous system?
afferent and efferent nerves
59
in the peripheral nervous system what comes after on the right
the autonomic nervous system has to work with digestion, regulates digestion, and breathing
60
what comes after the autonomic nervous system?
the parasympathetic division para as in parachute so you have time to safely float to the ground repairing and restoring your energy the Sympathetic division is about everything that provides excitement happy or terrified relates to the sympathetic division

SSIS - AP Psychology 2023-24 (11 decks)

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