Ch. 6 Test (Learning)

Question 1

How can pavlovian conditioning be used to influence attitudes also known as evaluative conditioning

Answer 1

if someone sees an ad about a product they love however the main actor in the advertisement is fat or ugly they will have less interest in that product versus before they saw the advertisement/ The opposite goes if they see a product they don’t like and an attractive or fit person is the main actor they are then much more likely to buy the product

Question 2

Which type of conditioning is Pavlov?

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning

Question 3

Which type of conditioning is Skinner?

Answer 3

Operant Conditioning

Question 4

Acquisition

Answer 4

Shaping when training animals you accept approximations of the behavior that you want to see from them

Question 5

Extinction

Answer 5

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response because there is no reinforcer (Exposure therapy over a period of time, i.e. showing a kid scared of dogs, nice dogs over a long period of time)

Question 6

Reconditioning

Answer 6

When someone is reconditioned the time it takes take them to be fully reconditioned is half as much as it took to condition them in the first place

Question 7

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 7

New stimuli that is similar to stimuli used in previous conditioning increases reaction

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

when trained subject knows a stimuli is similar but their reaction to that stimuli will not present a reward (Example A bell being rung versus the sound of a door bell)

Question 9

How is positive reinforcement used in operant learning

Answer 9

responses that lead to the presentation of a rewarding stimulus (Example allowing a kid to hang out with their friends if they finish their homework)

Question 10

How is negative reinforcement used in operant learning

Answer 10

Rather than delivering an aversive stimulus (punishment) or a reward (positive reinforcement), negative reinforcement works by taking away something that the individual finds undesirable

Question 11

How is punishment used in operant learning

Answer 11

Terminates Behavior by weakening the response making it less likely for the behavior to happen again

Question 12

Fixed Ratio

Answer 12

reinforcement after a set number of responses

Question 13

Fixed Interval

Answer 13

Reinforcement after a set period of time (example monthly salary)

Question 14

Variable Interval

Answer 14

reinforcement comes after a changing/unpredictable amount of time (example surfer waiting for a wave)

Question 15

Which of the reinforcement schedules is least affective/least enforcing

Answer 15

Fixed Interval

Question 16

Variable Ratio

Answer 16

Reinforcement comes after an unpredictable number of responses (Ex: a gambler using a slot machine)

Question 17

Which of the reinforcement schedules is most affective/ most enforcing

Answer 17

Variable Ratio

Question 18

immediate reinforcement

Answer 18

leads to greater learning more likely to learn more

Question 19

deferred learning

Answer 19

leads to less learning

Question 20

associative learning

Answer 20

when a subject links certain behavior’s, events, or stimuli together in the process of conditioning

Question 21

continuous reinforcement

Answer 21

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs extinguishes conditioning faster

Question 22

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 22

every once in a while incorporating a reward to make subject think maybe this time I get the reward

Question 23

higher order conditioning

Answer 23

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus (example if dog has been conditioned to bell and salivates when it hears it if you ring a bell then say good boy/girl the dog will eventually salivate when you say good girl/boy)

Question 24

how does Signal Strength influence conditioning?

Answer 24

how much you want the reinforcer/how powerful it is

Question 25

how does timing influence conditioning?

Answer 25

the two stimuli need to be close to each other in time

Question 26

how does predictability influence conditioning?

Answer 26

knowing/not knowing when you will be rewarded

Question 27

biopreparedness

Answer 27

if you are eating a certain food then get sick after, you will in the future associate that food with getting sick, even if that food may not have been what made you sick (Ex: Lauren and apple juice)

Question 28

expectations of the learner

Answer 28

Influences value of reinforcement’s the influence that reinforcement has on someone

Question 29

Learned Helplessness

Answer 29

the formed conclusion that performed behavior is not going to affect outcome (why should i study if I am just going to fail)

Question 30

how might response deprivation influence premack’s principle

Answer 30

a deprived response may be valued more (example there are only limited quantities of a certain product someone is more likely to buy something if it is less available)

Question 31

classical conditioning

Answer 31

Pavlovian Conditioning a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 32

operant conditioning

Answer 32

a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition of reward

Question 33

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 33

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (meat powder)

Question 34

conditioned stimulus

Answer 34

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. (bell for example)

Question 35

the formation of strategies

Answer 35

strategies used in various reinforcement schedules rats with button experiment

Question 36

Premack’s Principle

Answer 36

Hierarchy of reinforcing behavior’s (example if your mom says you are allowed to take the car if you do your homework and clean your room you are much more likely to do so because taking the car matters to you more then not wanting to clean your room)

Question 37

Primary Reinforcement

Answer 37

things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs (Ex: you have a drive to eat because it’ll keep you alive)