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Usask year 4 > Psych of aging 2 NEW > Flashcards

Psych of aging 2 NEW Flashcards

1
Q

t/f why? All age-related changes are classified as diseases.

A

Incorrect. Some age-related changes are universal and “normal,” while others, such as glaucoma, diabetes, and dementia, are considered diseases and are not universal.

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2
Q

t/f and why? Older adults tend to classify themselves as evening people.

A

Incorrect. Most older adults classify themselves as morning people.

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3
Q

All sleep issues in older adults require pharmaceutical treatment.

A

Incorrect. Many non-pharmaceutical treatments are available to help with sleep issues in older adults.

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4
Q

Only younger adults suffer from circadian rhythm disruptions.

A

Incorrect. Older adults also experience circadian rhythm changes and typically identify as morning people, while younger adults tend to identify as evening people.

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5
Q

t/f and why? Autonomic regulation becomes more efficient with age.

A

Incorrect. Autonomic regulation, such as temperature and thirst, becomes less efficient with age.

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6
Q

t/f why? Hypothermia is at greater risk for older adults with lung disease.

A

Incorrect. Older adults with heart disease are more vulnerable to hyperthermia.

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7
Q

whats an Age-related disease causing vision impairment?

A

Glaucoma

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8
Q

whats an age related illness that Interrupts breathing during sleep?

A

Sleep Apnea

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9
Q

whats an age related disease that has Greater risk of death in older adults due to temperature dysregulation?

A

Dysthermia

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10
Q

What age related change is characterized by Decreased secretion of antibodies and reduced production of white blood cells

A

immune system

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11
Q

what Factor Contributes to Hypothermia in Older Adults: Impaired core temperature regulation

A

Body’s ability to maintain warmth decreases.

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11
Q

whats an age related change that is characterized by Less efficient regulation of temperature, thirst, and hunger.

A

Autonomic regulation

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11
Q

Thinning dermal layer in older adults is what for the cold?

A

Less insulation against cold.

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12
Q

Reduced sweat output in older adults is what for the cold?

A

Less effective cooling mechanism.

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13
Q

Decreased antibody secretion does what for infections?

A

Greater susceptibility to infections.

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14
Q

how does Reduced T helper cell function help immune response

A

Reduces immune response effectiveness.

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15
Q

what is Linked to immune decline in older adults?

A

Increased harmful hormones (CD8+)

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16
Q

Conditions like ___ and ___ are more common in older adults and are known to disrupt sleep.

A

joint pain; overactive bladder

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16
Q

The immune system changes with age, leading to decreased ___ and reduced production of ___.

A

secretion of antibodies; white blood cells

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16
Q

___ and ___ contribute to older adults’ vulnerability to hypothermia?

A

Thinning dermal layer; impaired core body temperature regulation

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17
Q

Increased risk of ___ and ___ are examples of dysthermia-related dangers older adults face.

A

hyperthermia; hypothermia

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18
Q

Older adults are at greater risk of dysthermia due to less efficient ___ and difficulty adjusting ___.

A

autonomic regulation; internal body temperature

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18
Q

t/f and why? In stroke, hemorrhage causes blockage in an artery, restricting blood flow.

A

Incorrect. Hemorrhage in stroke results from a blood vessel rupture, not blockage.

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19
Q

t/f and why? Arteries accommodate more blood flow as we age due to increased flexibility.

A

Incorrect. Arteries accommodate less blood flow as we age because of plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) and loss of elasticity.

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19
Q

Older adults frequently suffer from ___ incontinence, and some also experience ___ incontinence?

A

urge; stress

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20
Q

t/f and why? A prefrontal cortex increase is typical in normal aging.

A

Incorrect. The prefrontal cortex is impacted by normal aging, with a decline in its ability to plan and encode long-term memory.

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21
Q

t/f and why? Only lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of diabetes according to the biopsychosocial model.

A

Incorrect. The biopsychosocial model for diabetes includes biological factors (like changes in glucose metabolism), psychological factors (such as sedentary lifestyle), and sociocultural factors (like habitual eating patterns).

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21
Q

t/f and why? Exercise only lowers LDL cholesterol levels.

A

Incorrect. Exercise increases HDL cholesterol levels, contributing to better heart health.

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22
Q

what is Aerobic capacity

A

Maximum oxygen delivered through blood.

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23
Q

what is Cardiac output?

A

Blood pumped per minute by the heart.

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24
Q

functions of High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)?

A

Carries lipids from peripheral tissues to the liver.

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25
Q

function of Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?

A

Carries cholesterol to the arteries.

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26
Q

what is Thrombosis girl?

A

Formation of a blood clot near atherosclerotic plaques.

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27
Q

what is Embolism?

A

Lodging of a traveling clot or particle.

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28
Q

what is Hemorrhage

A

Accumulation of blood in tissues due to vessel rupture.

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29
Q

what is Chronic bronchitis?

A

Mucus buildup in bronchial tubes.

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30
Q

what is Chronic emphysema?

A

Overstretching and damage of alveoli

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31
Q

what is Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

Temporary artery blockage.

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32
Q

what is Neurofibrillary tangles?

A

twisting of axonal fibres

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33
Q

what is Neuritic plaques?

A

Collections of dead and dying neurons

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34
Q

What is White matter hyperintensities?

A

Abnormalities in tissue under the frontal lobe, possibly interfering with cognitive function

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35
Q

whats Dopamine function?

A

Involved in movement, decreased levels linked to slower movement or tremors.

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36
Q

whats Acetylcholine function?

A

Involved in memory, decreased levels linked to retrieval issues.

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37
Q

The ideal heart health combination includes a low overall cholesterol level with higher ___ and lower ___.

A

HDL; LDL

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38
Q

___ is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, while ___ is the hardening of arteries that can lead to coronary artery disease.

A

Atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis

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39
Q

___ and ___ are the two main causes of stroke, one involving blockages and the other involving vessel rupture.

A

Clots; bleeds

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40
Q

___ results from damaged alveoli in the lungs, while ___ involves bronchial inflammation and mucus buildup.

A

Chronic emphysema; chronic bronchitis

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41
Q

The risk of metabolic syndrome increases with ___, ___, and high triglycerides.

A

larger waist circumference; high blood pressure

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42
Q

Preventing heart disease and stroke can include ___, ___, and a Mediterranean diet.

A

exercise; statin medications

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43
Q

Factors increasing the risk of diabetes include age, ___, and the psychological factor of ___.

A

obesity; a sedentary lifestyle

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44
Q

COPD can include symptoms of ___, ___, and shortness of breath during daily tasks.

A

chronic cough; excess sputum

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45
Q

According to the biopsychosocial model, diabetes is influenced biologically by ___ and psychologically by ___.

A

glucose metabolism; stress

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46
Q

Risk factors for cancer include ___, ___, and carcinogen exposure.

A

age; genetic predisposition

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47
Q

In normal aging, the ___ becomes smaller, impacting memory, while ___ affects planning and long-term memory encoding.

A

hippocampus; prefrontal cortex

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48
Q

An increase in ___ and the presence of ___ are both age-related brain changes potentially linked to Alzheimer’s.

A

neurofibrillary tangles; neuritic plaques

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49
Q

COPD is often treated with ___, ___, and, in severe cases, surgery.

A

inhalers; oxygen machines

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50
Q

t/f and why? Arteriosclerosis is caused by temporary blockages in the arteries.

A

Incorrect. Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the arteries, not a temporary blockage.

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51
Q

A larger waist circumference, high triglycerides, and ___ are all indicators of ___, which increases cardiovascular mortality risk.

A

low HDL; metabolic syndrome

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52
Q

what is a Medication to lower cholesterol levels.

A

statin

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53
Q

what is a Diet focused on healthy fats and lean proteins?

A

Mediterranean diet

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54
Q

What is a major change in heart contractions with age?

A

The left ventricle’s contractions become less strong with age.

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55
Q

what Increases HDL cholesterol and improves cardiovascular health?

A

Exercise

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56
Q

With age, ___ in the lungs break down due to ___, leading to COPD

A

elastin; elastase

57
Q

Why do arteries stiffen as we age?

A

Due to the loss of collagen and elastin.

58
Q

What causes arteries to accommodate less blood flow

A

Plaque formation, a condition known as atherosclerosis.

59
Q

What does aerobic capacity measure in cardiovascular health?

A

The maximum amount of oxygen the blood can deliver.

60
Q

At what rate do aerobic capacity and cardiac output decline with age?

A

They decline at about 10 percent per decade from age 25.

61
Q

What is the ideal blood cholesterol level combination?

A

Low overall cholesterol, with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) being higher than low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

62
Q

What is the function of HDLs in the blood?

A

HDLs carry lipids from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion or conversion into bile acids.

63
Q

What condition is caused by the buildup of plaque in the arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis

64
Q

How does arteriosclerosis affect the arteries?

A

It leads to the thickening and hardening of arteries.

65
Q

What are the two main causes of strokes?

A

Clots (ischemia) and hemorrhages (bleeds).

65
Q

What conditions are associated with COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis and chronic emphysema.

66
Q

What enzyme is involved in the breakdown of lung tissue in COPD?

A

Elastase, which breaks down elastin in lung tissue.

66
Q

What is COPD, and how does it affect the body?

A

COPD is a respiratory disease that causes coughing, excess sputum, and difficulty breathing during daily activities.

67
Q

What factors increase the risk of developing diabetes?

A

Age, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and stress.

68
Q

What are cancer risk factors?

A

Age, genetic predisposition, carcinogen exposure, and overexposure to sunlight.

69
Q

What are three cancer prevention strategies?

A

Exercise, good nutrition, and reduction of substance use.

70
Q

What brain region is involved in planning and encoding information?

A

The prefrontal cortex

70
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques?

A

Pathological tissue changes seen in the brain with aging, particularly associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

71
Q

What happens to the hippocampus with age?

A

It becomes smaller, affecting memory consolidation.

71
Q

How does dopamine level reduction affect the body?

A

It may lead to slower movement, speech difficulties, and tremors

72
Q

What characterizes dementia?

A

Progressive deterioration in thinking ability and memory that interferes with daily function.

73
Q

What percentage of Canadians over age 85 have dementia?

A

25%.

74
Q

What is vascular dementia caused by?

A

Small infarcts or strokes in the brain.

75
Q

What is the primary component in Alzheimer’s that forms plaques?

A

Beta-amyloid protein, which clumps together outside neurons.

75
Q

What deficiency causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Thiamine deficiency, often linked to chronic alcohol use

76
Q

How does Huntington’s disease manifest?

A

Through involuntary movements, psychiatric disturbances, and cognitive impairments.

77
Q

What symptoms define mild Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Forgetting recent events, difficulty with tasks like managing finances, and getting lost easily.

77
Q

What are symptoms of frailty in dementia’s later stages?

A

Lower energy, reduced mobility, and issues with eating or bathing.

78
Q

What is failure to thrive in end-stage dementia?

A

A condition where multiple health aspects deteriorate, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and severe decline in health.

79
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s?

A

Gradual onset, worsening cognition, and prominent memory issues or difficulties with language, visuospatial skills, or executive function.

80
Q

What would rule out an Alzheimer’s diagnosis?

A

A history of strokes or neuroimaging that suggests “mini” strokes.

81
Q

What is a significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease that triples a person’s risk?

A

The ApoE4 allele.

82
Q

If a person has two copies of the ApoE4 allele, what are their chances of developing Alzheimer’s?

A

50%.

83
Q

What increases the risk of Alzheimer’s for women compared to men?

A

Being female, which doubles the risk.

84
Q

What percentage of offspring will develop Alzheimer’s if a parent has late-onset Alzheimer’s?

A

15%.

85
Q

Which five factors are associated with primary prevention of Alzheimer’s?

A

Exercise, social support, mental activity, Mediterranean diet, and low alcohol use.

85
Q

What type of dementia is most often associated with damage in the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Frontotemporal dementia

86
Q

What condition involves “silent strokes” that increase dementia risk?

A

Vascular dementia.

87
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

The formation of a blood clot, usually around atherosclerotic plaques.

88
Q

What differentiates hemorrhagic strokes from ischemic strokes?

A

Hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeds due to ruptured blood vessels, whereas ischemic strokes involve clots blocking blood flow.

89
Q

What term describes the ability to live safely and independently in one’s own home regardless of age or ability?

A

Aging in place

90
Q

What does the competence-press model suggest about adapting to one’s environment?

A

People adapt best when their social and physical environments match their competencies.

90
Q

In what dementia is there a stepwise progression with sudden changes rather than gradual decline?

A

Vascular dementia.

91
Q

What is a “Naturally Occurring Retirement Community” (NORC)?

A

A community where people age in place and stay in their neighborhoods or relocate to an area with supportive services.

92
Q

What theory proposes that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are essential for well-being?

A

Self-determination theory.

93
Q

What is the purpose of self-directed care for older adults?

A

To allow individuals needing healthcare to manage their own time, money, and care providers.

94
Q

In which care context would both palliative and hospice care be provided?

A

A hospital or hospice setting.

95
Q

How is “home care” different from other forms of support for older adults?

A

It includes ADLs and IADLs provided within the home, such as bathing, cooking, and medication management.

95
Q

What brain region of frontotemporal dementia may cause a person to focus on commonly used words?

A

Damage to the semantic network.

96
Q

What significant risk factor for vascular dementia is related to lifestyle at midlife?

A

High waist-to-hip ratio.

97
Q

What is one potential reason family caregivers might be reluctant to consider long-term care for their loved ones?

A

Long-term care aversion.

98
Q

What is “fourth ageism,” and how is it related to intersectionality?

A

Fourth ageism is social shunning of the “oldest old” due to both ageism and ableism, creating a “double vulnerability.”

99
Q

According to Terror Management Theory, why might people distance themselves from older adults?

A

Because older adults remind us of our mortality, triggering a defense mechanism to cope with fear of death.

100
Q

Which model of care promotes active aging and minimizes long-term care needs in Japan?

A

Homecare and rehabilitation expansion.

101
Q

What does the modernization hypothesis suggest about society’s view of older adults?

A

It suggests that urbanization and industrialization have led to older adults being devalued.

102
Q

How did Canada adjust its policies to encourage older adults to work longer?

A

By adjusting Old Age Security pension parameters and increasing the Guaranteed Income Supplement.

103
Q

What is a defining characteristic of the scalable small home model for elder care?

A

It accommodates 6-10 residents, emphasizes a home-like environment, and prioritizes relationship building.

103
Q

How does death ethos vary across cultures? Provide two examples of its indicators.

A

Funeral rituals and belief in the afterlife are two indicators of a culture’s death ethos.

104
Q

What does socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about the relationship between perceived time and social goals?

A

When time is perceived as limited, emotional goals take precedence over knowledge-related goals.

105
Q

According to Erikson, what psychological state is associated with a greater acceptance of death?

A

Ego integrity, or fulfillment of one’s values in life.

106
Q

according to Erikson, what psychological state is associated with a greater acceptance of death?

A

Ego integrity, or fulfillment of one’s values in life.

107
Q

What are some manifestations of clinically significant death anxiety, known as thanatophobia?

A

Avoiding death topics, extreme focus on health, or engaging in risky activities to “test” death.

107
Q

What is a primary focus of palliative care according to Canada’s framework?

A

Reducing suffering and improving quality of life for those with life-limiting illnesses.

108
Q

What is a common societal factor contributing to the lack of open conversations about death?

A

Death has been hidden from view, with duties shifted to hospitals and funeral homes.

109
Q

What hypothesis suggests that older adults facing both ageism and ableism suffer greater adverse effects?

A

Multiple jeopardy hypothesis.

109
Q

What does the competence-press model say about how people best adapt to their environments?

A

People adapt best when their environment aligns with their competencies.

110
Q

What is a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC), and how does it form?

A

A NORC forms as older adults age in place or relocate to areas with supportive communities.

111
Q

What is the primary goal of respite care?

A

To provide family caregivers a break from their primary caregiving responsibilities.

112
Q

How does early palliative care differ from traditional end-of-life palliative care?

A

Palliative care at appropriate levels is offered as early as diagnosis of a life-limiting illness rather than only in the last weeks of life.

113
Q

Explain the Bowtie Method in palliative care?

A

The Bowtie Method illustrates a gradual shift from disease management to palliative care, with both death and survival as possible outcomes at the base of the palliative care triangle.

114
Q

What is the purpose of advance care planning?

A

To articulate personal values and preferences for future care through conversation or documentation.

115
Q

What is the “Compression of Morbidity” hypothesis?

A

This hypothesis suggests that the longer an older adult lives, the less time they will spend living with age-related diseases.

116
Q

What are the three main types of centenarians, and what distinguishes them?

A

Escapers**: avoided major illnesses.
- Delayers: had age-related health issues but delayed onset.
- Survivors: had diseases before age 80 but survived them.

117
Q

What two personality traits are common among centenarians?

A

High conscientiousness and assertiveness, with low anxiety and high self-efficacy.

118
Q

List common health characteristics of centenarians.

A

High prevalence of osteoporosis (44%) and cataracts (88%), but low rates of serious vascular disease, diabetes (3%), and Parkinson’s disease (3%)

119
Q

What is a centenarian, and how does this term compare to octogenarian, nonagenarian, and super-centenarian?

A

Centenarian**: 100–109 years old
- Octogenarian: 80–89 years old
- Nonagenarian: 90–99 years old
- Super-centenarian: 110+ years old

119
Q

How does the genotype of centenarians contribute to their longevity?

A

Genetic markers, such as the FOXO3A gene (stress resistance) and APOE4 epsilon 2, are associated with disease risk avoidance and enhanced resilience.

120
Q

What are the “Power 9” strategies identified in Blue Zones for longevity?

A
  1. Belong
    1. Put loved ones first
    2. Have purpose
    3. Maintain a positive outlook
    4. Move naturally
    5. Follow the 80% rule (not eating to fullness)
    6. Eat a plant-based diet
    7. Practice daily downshifts (relaxing activities)
    8. Build a strong social network
121
Q

What percentage of centenarians identify as women?

A

85% of centenarians identify as women.

121
Q

Name five notable Blue Zones around the world.

A

Loma Linda, California; Okinawa, Japan; Sardinia, Italy; Nicoya, Costa Rica; Icaria, Greece.

122
Q

What defines the phenotype of centenarians, and how does it relate to resilience?

A

Centenarians report good perceived health, resilience through loss, high ego integrity, and satisfaction with life, which contribute to their quality of life.

123
Q

What are Blue Zones, and what makes them significant?

A

Blue Zones are regions where people live significantly longer lives, often following lifestyles that emphasize health, community, and natural movement.

124
Q

What is the likelihood that an individual will become a centenarian?**

A

There is a 1 in 3,000 chance of becoming a centenarian.

125
Q

What is the dose-response effect of alcohol on disease?

A
126
Q

What is the dose-response effect of alcohol on disease?

A

Alcohol has a dose-response effect, meaning risk increases with higher doses. At low doses, it may offer protective effects for certain vascular diseases and for women against Type II diabetes and pancreatitis.

127
Q

How does smoking cessation affect short-term health?

A

Quitting smoking quickly reduces stress biomarkers, improves respiratory symptoms, and enhances self-rated health.

128
Q

List some long-term health effects of cigarette smoking.

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, faster decline in lung function, higher risk of pneumonia, tuberculosis, COPD, lung cancer, and a dose-dependent risk for diabetes.

129
Q

Define sedentary behavior and its associated risks.

A

Sedentary behavior involves low energy expenditure in a sitting or reclining posture, linked to higher cardiovascular mortality and increased mortality risk with low social support.

130
Q

What does the main effect hypothesis suggest about social support?

A

The main effect hypothesis suggests that social support directly improves health.

131
Q

what is the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support?

A

The stress-buffering hypothesis suggests that social support helps mitigate the effects of stress on health.

132
Q

Define the crowding-out hypothesis in relation to state support for older adults.

A

This hypothesis suggests that state support might reduce the support provided by families to older adults.

133
Q

What is the crowding-in hypothesis?

A

It suggests that older adults with more needs receive more support from both family and state.

134
Q

What is cognitive super-aging?

A

Cognitive super-aging refers to the maintenance of brain structures and resistance to cognitive decline in adults over 65, often with episodic memory performance similar to that of younger adults.

135
Q

List positive lifestyle factors associated with cognitive super-aging.

A

Positive factors: Physical activity and a quality social network.

Usask year 4 (8 decks)

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