Psych of aging 2 NEW Flashcards
1
Q
t/f why? All age-related changes are classified as diseases.
A
Incorrect. Some age-related changes are universal and “normal,” while others, such as glaucoma, diabetes, and dementia, are considered diseases and are not universal.
2
Q
t/f and why? Older adults tend to classify themselves as evening people.
A
Incorrect. Most older adults classify themselves as morning people.
3
Q
All sleep issues in older adults require pharmaceutical treatment.
A
Incorrect. Many non-pharmaceutical treatments are available to help with sleep issues in older adults.
4
Q
Only younger adults suffer from circadian rhythm disruptions.
A
Incorrect. Older adults also experience circadian rhythm changes and typically identify as morning people, while younger adults tend to identify as evening people.
5
Q
t/f and why? Autonomic regulation becomes more efficient with age.
A
Incorrect. Autonomic regulation, such as temperature and thirst, becomes less efficient with age.
6
Q
t/f why? Hypothermia is at greater risk for older adults with lung disease.
A
Incorrect. Older adults with heart disease are more vulnerable to hyperthermia.
7
Q
whats an Age-related disease causing vision impairment?
A
Glaucoma
8
Q
whats an age related illness that Interrupts breathing during sleep?
A
Sleep Apnea
9
Q
whats an age related disease that has Greater risk of death in older adults due to temperature dysregulation?
A
Dysthermia
10
Q
What age related change is characterized by Decreased secretion of antibodies and reduced production of white blood cells
A
immune system
11
Q
what Factor Contributes to Hypothermia in Older Adults: Impaired core temperature regulation
A
Body’s ability to maintain warmth decreases.
11
Q
whats an age related change that is characterized by Less efficient regulation of temperature, thirst, and hunger.
A
Autonomic regulation
11
Q
Thinning dermal layer in older adults is what for the cold?
A
Less insulation against cold.
12
Q
Reduced sweat output in older adults is what for the cold?
A
Less effective cooling mechanism.
13
Q
Decreased antibody secretion does what for infections?
A
Greater susceptibility to infections.
14
Q
how does Reduced T helper cell function help immune response
A
Reduces immune response effectiveness.
15
Q
what is Linked to immune decline in older adults?
A
Increased harmful hormones (CD8+)
16
Q
Conditions like ___ and ___ are more common in older adults and are known to disrupt sleep.
A
joint pain; overactive bladder
16
Q
The immune system changes with age, leading to decreased ___ and reduced production of ___.
A
secretion of antibodies; white blood cells
16
Q
___ and ___ contribute to older adults’ vulnerability to hypothermia?
A
Thinning dermal layer; impaired core body temperature regulation
17
Q
Increased risk of ___ and ___ are examples of dysthermia-related dangers older adults face.
A
hyperthermia; hypothermia
18
Q
Older adults are at greater risk of dysthermia due to less efficient ___ and difficulty adjusting ___.
A
autonomic regulation; internal body temperature
18
Q
t/f and why? In stroke, hemorrhage causes blockage in an artery, restricting blood flow.
A
Incorrect. Hemorrhage in stroke results from a blood vessel rupture, not blockage.
19
Q
t/f and why? Arteries accommodate more blood flow as we age due to increased flexibility.
A
Incorrect. Arteries accommodate less blood flow as we age because of plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) and loss of elasticity.
19
Older adults frequently suffer from ___ incontinence, and some also experience ___ incontinence?
urge; stress
20
t/f and why? A prefrontal cortex increase is typical in normal aging.
Incorrect. The prefrontal cortex is impacted by normal aging, with a decline in its ability to plan and encode long-term memory.
21
t/f and why? Only lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of diabetes according to the biopsychosocial model.
Incorrect. The biopsychosocial model for diabetes includes biological factors (like changes in glucose metabolism), psychological factors (such as sedentary lifestyle), and sociocultural factors (like habitual eating patterns).
21
t/f and why? Exercise only lowers LDL cholesterol levels.
Incorrect. Exercise increases HDL cholesterol levels, contributing to better heart health.
22
what is Aerobic capacity
Maximum oxygen delivered through blood.
23
what is Cardiac output?
Blood pumped per minute by the heart.
24
functions of High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)?
Carries lipids from peripheral tissues to the liver.
25
function of Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)?
Carries cholesterol to the arteries.
26
what is Thrombosis girl?
Formation of a blood clot near atherosclerotic plaques.
27
what is Embolism?
Lodging of a traveling clot or particle.
28
what is Hemorrhage
Accumulation of blood in tissues due to vessel rupture.
29
what is Chronic bronchitis?
Mucus buildup in bronchial tubes.
30
what is Chronic emphysema?
Overstretching and damage of alveoli
31
what is Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Temporary artery blockage.
32
what is Neurofibrillary tangles?
twisting of axonal fibres
33
what is Neuritic plaques?
Collections of dead and dying neurons
34
What is White matter hyperintensities?
Abnormalities in tissue under the frontal lobe, possibly interfering with cognitive function
35
whats Dopamine function?
Involved in movement, decreased levels linked to slower movement or tremors.
36
whats Acetylcholine function?
Involved in memory, decreased levels linked to retrieval issues.
37
The ideal heart health combination includes a low overall cholesterol level with higher ___ and lower ___.
HDL; LDL
38
___ is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, while ___ is the hardening of arteries that can lead to coronary artery disease.
Atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis
39
___ and ___ are the two main causes of stroke, one involving blockages and the other involving vessel rupture.
Clots; bleeds
40
___ results from damaged alveoli in the lungs, while ___ involves bronchial inflammation and mucus buildup.
Chronic emphysema; chronic bronchitis
41
The risk of metabolic syndrome increases with ___, ___, and high triglycerides.
larger waist circumference; high blood pressure
42
Preventing heart disease and stroke can include ___, ___, and a Mediterranean diet.
exercise; statin medications
43
Factors increasing the risk of diabetes include age, ___, and the psychological factor of ___.
obesity; a sedentary lifestyle
44
COPD can include symptoms of ___, ___, and shortness of breath during daily tasks.
chronic cough; excess sputum
45
According to the biopsychosocial model, diabetes is influenced biologically by ___ and psychologically by ___.
glucose metabolism; stress
46
Risk factors for cancer include ___, ___, and carcinogen exposure.
age; genetic predisposition
47
In normal aging, the ___ becomes smaller, impacting memory, while ___ affects planning and long-term memory encoding.
hippocampus; prefrontal cortex
48
An increase in ___ and the presence of ___ are both age-related brain changes potentially linked to Alzheimer’s.
neurofibrillary tangles; neuritic plaques
49
COPD is often treated with ___, ___, and, in severe cases, surgery.
inhalers; oxygen machines
50
t/f and why? Arteriosclerosis is caused by temporary blockages in the arteries.
Incorrect. Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the arteries, not a temporary blockage.
51
A larger waist circumference, high triglycerides, and ___ are all indicators of ___, which increases cardiovascular mortality risk.
low HDL; metabolic syndrome
52
what is a Medication to lower cholesterol levels.
statin
53
what is a Diet focused on healthy fats and lean proteins?
Mediterranean diet
54
What is a major change in heart contractions with age?
The left ventricle's contractions become less strong with age.
55
what Increases HDL cholesterol and improves cardiovascular health?
Exercise
56
With age, ___ in the lungs break down due to ___, leading to COPD
elastin; elastase
57
Why do arteries stiffen as we age?
Due to the loss of collagen and elastin.
58
What causes arteries to accommodate less blood flow
Plaque formation, a condition known as atherosclerosis.
59
What does aerobic capacity measure in cardiovascular health?
The maximum amount of oxygen the blood can deliver.
60
At what rate do aerobic capacity and cardiac output decline with age?
They decline at about 10 percent per decade from age 25.
61
What is the ideal blood cholesterol level combination?
Low overall cholesterol, with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) being higher than low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
62
What is the function of HDLs in the blood?
HDLs carry lipids from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion or conversion into bile acids.
63
What condition is caused by the buildup of plaque in the arteries?
Atherosclerosis
64
How does arteriosclerosis affect the arteries?
It leads to the thickening and hardening of arteries.
65
What are the two main causes of strokes?
Clots (ischemia) and hemorrhages (bleeds).
65
What conditions are associated with COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and chronic emphysema.
66
What enzyme is involved in the breakdown of lung tissue in COPD?
Elastase, which breaks down elastin in lung tissue.
66
What is COPD, and how does it affect the body?
COPD is a respiratory disease that causes coughing, excess sputum, and difficulty breathing during daily activities.
67
What factors increase the risk of developing diabetes?
Age, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and stress.
68
What are cancer risk factors?
Age, genetic predisposition, carcinogen exposure, and overexposure to sunlight.
69
What are three cancer prevention strategies?
Exercise, good nutrition, and reduction of substance use.
70
What brain region is involved in planning and encoding information?
The prefrontal cortex
70
What are neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques?
Pathological tissue changes seen in the brain with aging, particularly associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
71
What happens to the hippocampus with age?
It becomes smaller, affecting memory consolidation.
71
How does dopamine level reduction affect the body?
It may lead to slower movement, speech difficulties, and tremors
72
What characterizes dementia?
Progressive deterioration in thinking ability and memory that interferes with daily function.
73
What percentage of Canadians over age 85 have dementia?
25%.
74
What is vascular dementia caused by?
Small infarcts or strokes in the brain.
75
What is the primary component in Alzheimer’s that forms plaques?
Beta-amyloid protein, which clumps together outside neurons.
75
What deficiency causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Thiamine deficiency, often linked to chronic alcohol use
76
How does Huntington’s disease manifest?
Through involuntary movements, psychiatric disturbances, and cognitive impairments.
77
What symptoms define mild Alzheimer’s disease?
Forgetting recent events, difficulty with tasks like managing finances, and getting lost easily.
77
What are symptoms of frailty in dementia’s later stages?
Lower energy, reduced mobility, and issues with eating or bathing.
78
What is failure to thrive in end-stage dementia?
A condition where multiple health aspects deteriorate, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and severe decline in health.
79
What are the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s?
Gradual onset, worsening cognition, and prominent memory issues or difficulties with language, visuospatial skills, or executive function.
80
What would rule out an Alzheimer’s diagnosis?
A history of strokes or neuroimaging that suggests “mini” strokes.
81
What is a significant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease that triples a person’s risk?
The ApoE4 allele.
82
If a person has two copies of the ApoE4 allele, what are their chances of developing Alzheimer’s?
50%.
83
What increases the risk of Alzheimer's for women compared to men?
Being female, which doubles the risk.
84
What percentage of offspring will develop Alzheimer’s if a parent has late-onset Alzheimer’s?
15%.
85
Which five factors are associated with primary prevention of Alzheimer’s?
Exercise, social support, mental activity, Mediterranean diet, and low alcohol use.
85
What type of dementia is most often associated with damage in the frontal and temporal lobes?
Frontotemporal dementia
86
What condition involves “silent strokes” that increase dementia risk?
Vascular dementia.
87
What is thrombosis?
The formation of a blood clot, usually around atherosclerotic plaques.
88
What differentiates hemorrhagic strokes from ischemic strokes?
Hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeds due to ruptured blood vessels, whereas ischemic strokes involve clots blocking blood flow.
89
What term describes the ability to live safely and independently in one’s own home regardless of age or ability?
Aging in place
90
What does the competence-press model suggest about adapting to one’s environment?
People adapt best when their social and physical environments match their competencies.
90
In what dementia is there a stepwise progression with sudden changes rather than gradual decline?
Vascular dementia.
91
What is a “Naturally Occurring Retirement Community” (NORC)?
A community where people age in place and stay in their neighborhoods or relocate to an area with supportive services.
92
What theory proposes that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are essential for well-being?
Self-determination theory.
93
What is the purpose of self-directed care for older adults?
To allow individuals needing healthcare to manage their own time, money, and care providers.
94
In which care context would both palliative and hospice care be provided?
A hospital or hospice setting.
95
How is “home care” different from other forms of support for older adults?
It includes ADLs and IADLs provided within the home, such as bathing, cooking, and medication management.
95
What brain region of frontotemporal dementia may cause a person to focus on commonly used words?
Damage to the semantic network.
96
What significant risk factor for vascular dementia is related to lifestyle at midlife?
High waist-to-hip ratio.
97
What is one potential reason family caregivers might be reluctant to consider long-term care for their loved ones?
Long-term care aversion.
98
What is “fourth ageism,” and how is it related to intersectionality?
Fourth ageism is social shunning of the “oldest old” due to both ageism and ableism, creating a “double vulnerability.”
99
According to Terror Management Theory, why might people distance themselves from older adults?
Because older adults remind us of our mortality, triggering a defense mechanism to cope with fear of death.
100
Which model of care promotes active aging and minimizes long-term care needs in Japan?
Homecare and rehabilitation expansion.
101
What does the modernization hypothesis suggest about society's view of older adults?
It suggests that urbanization and industrialization have led to older adults being devalued.
102
How did Canada adjust its policies to encourage older adults to work longer?
By adjusting Old Age Security pension parameters and increasing the Guaranteed Income Supplement.
103
What is a defining characteristic of the scalable small home model for elder care?
It accommodates 6-10 residents, emphasizes a home-like environment, and prioritizes relationship building.
103
How does death ethos vary across cultures? Provide two examples of its indicators.
Funeral rituals and belief in the afterlife are two indicators of a culture's death ethos.
104
What does socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about the relationship between perceived time and social goals?
When time is perceived as limited, emotional goals take precedence over knowledge-related goals.
105
According to Erikson, what psychological state is associated with a greater acceptance of death?
Ego integrity, or fulfillment of one's values in life.
106
according to Erikson, what psychological state is associated with a greater acceptance of death?
Ego integrity, or fulfillment of one's values in life.
107
What are some manifestations of clinically significant death anxiety, known as thanatophobia?
Avoiding death topics, extreme focus on health, or engaging in risky activities to “test” death.
107
What is a primary focus of palliative care according to Canada’s framework?
Reducing suffering and improving quality of life for those with life-limiting illnesses.
108
What is a common societal factor contributing to the lack of open conversations about death?
Death has been hidden from view, with duties shifted to hospitals and funeral homes.
109
What hypothesis suggests that older adults facing both ageism and ableism suffer greater adverse effects?
Multiple jeopardy hypothesis.
109
What does the competence-press model say about how people best adapt to their environments?
People adapt best when their environment aligns with their competencies.
110
What is a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC), and how does it form?
A NORC forms as older adults age in place or relocate to areas with supportive communities.
111
What is the primary goal of respite care?
To provide family caregivers a break from their primary caregiving responsibilities.
112
How does early palliative care differ from traditional end-of-life palliative care?
Palliative care at appropriate levels is offered as early as diagnosis of a life-limiting illness rather than only in the last weeks of life.
113
Explain the Bowtie Method in palliative care?
The Bowtie Method illustrates a gradual shift from disease management to palliative care, with both death and survival as possible outcomes at the base of the palliative care triangle.
114
What is the purpose of advance care planning?
To articulate personal values and preferences for future care through conversation or documentation.
115
What is the “Compression of Morbidity” hypothesis?
This hypothesis suggests that the longer an older adult lives, the less time they will spend living with age-related diseases.
116
What are the three main types of centenarians, and what distinguishes them?
Escapers**: avoided major illnesses.
- **Delayers**: had age-related health issues but delayed onset.
- **Survivors**: had diseases before age 80 but survived them.
117
What two personality traits are common among centenarians?
High conscientiousness and assertiveness, with low anxiety and high self-efficacy.
118
List common health characteristics of centenarians.
High prevalence of osteoporosis (44%) and cataracts (88%), but low rates of serious vascular disease, diabetes (3%), and Parkinson's disease (3%)
119
What is a centenarian, and how does this term compare to octogenarian, nonagenarian, and super-centenarian?
Centenarian**: 100–109 years old
- **Octogenarian**: 80–89 years old
- **Nonagenarian**: 90–99 years old
- **Super-centenarian**: 110+ years old
119
How does the genotype of centenarians contribute to their longevity?
Genetic markers, such as the FOXO3A gene (stress resistance) and APOE4 epsilon 2, are associated with disease risk avoidance and enhanced resilience.
120
What are the “Power 9” strategies identified in Blue Zones for longevity?
1. Belong
2. Put loved ones first
3. Have purpose
4. Maintain a positive outlook
5. Move naturally
6. Follow the 80% rule (not eating to fullness)
7. Eat a plant-based diet
8. Practice daily downshifts (relaxing activities)
9. Build a strong social network
121
What percentage of centenarians identify as women?
85% of centenarians identify as women.
121
Name five notable Blue Zones around the world.
Loma Linda, California; Okinawa, Japan; Sardinia, Italy; Nicoya, Costa Rica; Icaria, Greece.
122
What defines the phenotype of centenarians, and how does it relate to resilience?
Centenarians report good perceived health, resilience through loss, high ego integrity, and satisfaction with life, which contribute to their quality of life.
123
What are Blue Zones, and what makes them significant?
Blue Zones are regions where people live significantly longer lives, often following lifestyles that emphasize health, community, and natural movement.
124
What is the likelihood that an individual will become a centenarian?**
There is a 1 in 3,000 chance of becoming a centenarian.
125
What is the dose-response effect of alcohol on disease?
126
What is the dose-response effect of alcohol on disease?
Alcohol has a dose-response effect, meaning risk increases with higher doses. At low doses, it may offer protective effects for certain vascular diseases and for women against Type II diabetes and pancreatitis.
127
How does smoking cessation affect short-term health?
Quitting smoking quickly reduces stress biomarkers, improves respiratory symptoms, and enhances self-rated health.
128
List some long-term health effects of cigarette smoking.
Increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, faster decline in lung function, higher risk of pneumonia, tuberculosis, COPD, lung cancer, and a dose-dependent risk for diabetes.
129
Define sedentary behavior and its associated risks.
Sedentary behavior involves low energy expenditure in a sitting or reclining posture, linked to higher cardiovascular mortality and increased mortality risk with low social support.
130
What does the main effect hypothesis suggest about social support?
The main effect hypothesis suggests that social support directly improves health.
131
what is the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support?
The stress-buffering hypothesis suggests that social support helps mitigate the effects of stress on health.
132
Define the crowding-out hypothesis in relation to state support for older adults.
This hypothesis suggests that state support might reduce the support provided by families to older adults.
133
What is the crowding-in hypothesis?
It suggests that older adults with more needs receive more support from both family and state.
134
What is cognitive super-aging?
Cognitive super-aging refers to the maintenance of brain structures and resistance to cognitive decline in adults over 65, often with episodic memory performance similar to that of younger adults.
135
List positive lifestyle factors associated with cognitive super-aging.
Positive factors: Physical activity and a quality social network.
