Abnormal Psychology 1 Flashcards
Midterm 1
What is abnormal psychology?
It addresses the description causes and treatment of abnormal behaviour patterns
when defining abnormal behavior, you have to ask seven questions what are they?
unusual behavior, violating, social norms, faulty, interpretation of reality, personal distress, maladaptive, dangerous
how are behaviours defined
on a scale from normal to abnormal based on symptoms
what is the Demonological model?
assumes that abnormal behaviour is due to Demons
what is the medical model or the humors?
a theory that abnormal behaviour could be solved by letting the bad blood out
how did they used to handle abnormal behaviour in the mediaeval times
exorcism
where was the most famous asylum and what was it known for in its treatment of people?
most famous Asylum was Bedlam in London UK and it was known for treating people like they were incarcerated
what was the issue with Bedlam
there was no criteria
what is moral therapy?
moral therapy provides humane treatment in an encouraging environment, and the focus was to move away from the conceptualization of mentally ill people as undesirable and focus on their humanity
what happened to health care when there were too many people going to asylums
mental healthcare shifted to controversial procedures, such as lobotomy and electrocution
what did the pharmaceutical company do to the growth and institutions?
They started controlling people by meds
What did the community mental health movement stand for?
Mental illness should be treated as the same as physical in terms of Organization and professionally
WHat is the biological cause of schizophrenia
biochem imbalancee
whats General Paresis
a degenerative brain disorder that occurs during the final stage of syphillis
how many canadians are homeless every year
200,000
What percentage of homeless Canadian people have had a mental health problem in their lifetime
67%
what is biological perspective versus the medical model?
Biological factors versus medical terminology
What is a gene?
Unit found on a chromosome that carries heredity
what is a chromosome
Structure found in the nuclei of cells that carry gene
what is DNA?
Made up of four compounds
how many base pairs does a human have?
2.8 billion
What is Epigenetics?
The study of the heritable and acquired changes in the gene
How are neurotransmitters related to mental health issues?
Certain neurotransmitters are either lacking or are too much in certain mental health diagnosis
what is the psychodynamic model split up into and who was the main theorist?
The main theorist was Sigmund Freud and the psychodynamic model is split up into conscious preconscious and unconscious
what is in the preconscious level
Ego, the info isn’t immediately ready most is stored here
what is ego
The mediator between the super ego and the ID, it doesn’t wanna cause problems between either of the two
what is in the unconscious level
The super ego and the ID
where do the super ego and the ID live?
In the unconscious
what happens if the ego isn’t doing a good job
The creation of psychosis happens
what did Sigmund Freud believe The ID ego and super ego were meant for?
The ID was the pleasure principle and the primary process thinking the ego was for reality and was a secondary process thinking and the super ego was morale
what was Ivan Pavlov known for?
Classical conditioning
what was BF skinner known for?
opperant conditioning
what is humanistic psychology?
Emphasizes the personal freedom human beings have in making conscious choices that give their lives meaning and purpose.
An example of this is when someone is doing something for themselves and themselves only.
in regards to the humanistic perspective what is unconditional positive regard
Unconditional positive regard is when you value other peoples worth as basic regardless of the behaviour at a particular time
in regards to the humanistic perspective what is conditional positive regard
conditional positive regard is valuing other people on the basis of whether their behaviour meets your approval
what did albert ellis say about irrational beliefs
irrational beliefs about unfortunate experiences, foster negative emotions and maladaptive behaviour
what did Aaron Beck think of depression?
Depression resulted from cognitive errors, such as judging oneself entirely on the basis of one’s flaw, this means that people create their own misery
what is the downward drift hypothesis
Abnormal behaviour is caused by the failures in society rather than in the person
what is the interactionist perspective?
Interaction of multiple factors to explain abnormal behaviour
what is the diathesis stress model?
Diathesis is your symptoms and or genetics plus any additional stress and it’ll equal out to the development of a disorder
what is an example of un structured interview?
The questions are open ended and the client kind of controls the conversation
what is a semi structured interview
There’s a format that you have to use on certain questions. This is the most popular option.
What is a structured interview?
Fully scripted and it reduces bias, but the cons are as you don’t get as much information because you can’t Ask your own questions.
what is a mental status examination?
How the client presents themselves to you meaning appearance, mood, orientation, awareness, level, and judgement
what is intelligence?
global capacity to understand the world
the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
whats the stanford binet scale?
It determines your IQ age by dividing your chronic age and your mental age and then multiplying by 100
what was wrong with standford binet in terms of testing children
the test started out as questions related to attention, memory and problem solving and later adapted to academics which at this time there werent alot of ppl going to school
whats The Wechsler Scales?
measures iq and cognitive ability
What is a self report test?
Its a personality test wheres theres only yes or no questions and they have to circle their answer
whats an MMPI, where is it used?
personality test tht uses true or false questions, this is typically used in court
what are the issues with the inkblot test
it depends on the subjective judgment of the examiner
what test is usually given to kids?
house-person-tree, where the kids have to draw a houe-person-tree
whats the difference between a behavioural approach and an assessment?
A behavioural approach looks at the factors the assessment looks at the description of the problem
Whats a Behavioural Interview
Approach to clinical interviewing that focuses on relating problem behaviour to previous stimuli and reinforcement consequences
what is self monitoring?
Process of recording or observing one’s own behaviour, thoughts, or emotions
what does a cognitive assessment look for?
thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes
What is the dsm5
abnormal behaviour is classified as mental disorders
how do they evaluate the dsm?
reliability, validity, and cultural factors
when was the dsm5 created?
2013
whats one example of a Culture-Bound Syndromes
(TKS) in Japan, that involves excessive fear of offending or causing embarrassment to others
what does a clinical psychologist do?
administers psychological tests, diagnosing psychological disorders
Whats does a psychiatrist do?
Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders,
What are the benefits of putting someone on medication?
it can make them come out of their shell?
What is Psychodynamic Therapy
Psychoanalysts view psychological problems as rooted in early childhood experience
Whats behaviour therapy?
apply the principles of learning to help clients make adaptive changes in their behaviour
what types of things do they do in behaviour therapy
Systematic desensitization
Gradual exposure
Token economies
Modelling
what is Person-centred therapy?
who are you and what is your meaning
albert ellis
whats Rational Emotive Therapy?
focuses on controlling irrational or unhealthy thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
whats Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
focuses on the thought processes that can lead to negative behaviors
whats Meichenbaum’s Cognitive-behavioural Therapy?
change the narrative of our lives broader
whats the difference between Civil versus Legal Commitment:
civil: Psychiatric commitment if their going to hurt themselves or others legal) criminal commitment if they are found not criminally responsible due to a mental illness
What is the duty to warn?
therapists must tell third parties if their have been threats made onto them
what is the insanity defence?
defendant pleads guilty but due to mental disorder
anxiety is adaptive when…?
when it prompts you to seek medical attention
anxiety is maladaptive when…?
it comes out of no where
what is panic?
a strong physical reaction
is anxiety normal in children
its okay for children to have fear which can often be presented as anxiety but its when it doesnt go away that it becomes an issue
what are the characteristics of a panic disorder
repeated panic attacks, feels like a heart attack and can last about 20 minutes
what is agoraphobia
a gear of places where they might not be able to escapae
who is more likely to have agoraphobia in terms of gender
women
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
persistent feelings of worry
in terms of gender who is most likely to have GAD
most common in women
What is a phobic disorder?
Persistent fears of objects or situations that are disproportionate to the threats they pose
what are the 5 most common types of specific phobias?
animal, nature, blood, situational, and other (costumes)
what is a social anxiety disorder?
Excessive fear of negative evaluations from others
in terms of gender who is most likely to have a social anxiety disorder?
men in dating and women in public speaking or authority
what is seperation anxiety disorder?
extreme fears of separation from parents or others on whom the child is dependent/ the child feels like this all the time and eventually it goes away
What is selective mutism?
Not initiating speech or reciprocating speech when spoken to.
does selective mutism go away?
Usually begins in early childhood, disappears as the child ages, but social anxiety can persist in adulthood.
What is OCD?
Recurrent obsessions, compulsions
occupy more than an hour a day
significantly interfere with normal routines
what is the difference between obsession and compulsion?
Obsession is an intrusive unwanted thought and compulsion is repetitive behaviour also rituals is really important in compulsion
what is adjustment disorder?
after you go thru something stressful you develop other stressors such as anxiety
whats an acute stress disorder?
an acute stress reaction following a traumatic event no longer then 4 weeks
what is post traumatic disorder
impaired functioning following a traumatic event
when thinking in a psychdynamic perspective what could be said about anxiety disorders?
Its the ego trying to control the conscious emergence
what is the two factor theory
obsessional fears are processed because of classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
what does the cognitive perspective think of anxiety?
anxiety is a state of mind and not a reflection of reality
what is the Cognitive perspective?
Cognitive theorists focus on the dysfunctional patterns of thinking
what does a biological perspective think of anxiety?
genetic factors like if their twins and neurotransmitters
what is the fear network?
fear is created in the amygdala and also has interactions with the hippocampus so this area is called “the fear network”
What happens with OCD and the brain?
theres increased neurotransmitter activity
what are some phobia treatments using cognitive & behaviour based approaches?
Systematic Desensitization
Fear-Stimulus Hierarchy
Gradual Exposure
Flooding
Cognitive Restructuring
What is the definition of moods
individuals’ emotional experience as in depressed mood
BPD symptoms are often sees on a scale similar to a….
mood thermometer
What is MDD
Major depressive disorder
Is MDD uni or bi polar
Major depressive disorder is uni polar as its only depression
what is the difference between MDD and grief
it is normal to experience sadness after grief, when a person had MDD their feelings or similar to guilt and longing
true or false women are 2x as likely to report MDD
true
what are some of the features of MDD?
hopelessness, cognitive error, blaming themselves, low self esteem, always in a “fog”
What is psychosis?
delusion psychosis with MDD
what is MDD with Peripartum onset?
new term for post partum
What is Dysthimia?
its not enough to be diagnosed with depression, life just doesn’t seem that great
What is bi-polar disorders?
Fluctuations in mood in sad and mania
What is a type 1 BPD
manic episodes, extreme restlessness, excessive activity
What is type 2 BPD
lesser symptoms then bpd 1, they just don’t have delusions
what is cyclothymic disorder?
characterized by a chronic pattern of mild mood swings
Who is more at risk for BPD
its purely genetic
what is the relationship between stress and depression?
stressful life events may contribute to depression
what is Aaron Becks theory on Cognitive triad of depression
depression develops due to the adoption of negative views of oneslf
What is the Learned helplessness model?
people learn to view themselves as helpless in order to control the reinforcements in their environments
What is more likely in terms of genetics, depression or BDP?
BPD
therapy approach
What is behavioural activation?
encourages patients to increase the frequency of enjoyable activities
whats the definition for cbt?
Cognitive behaviour therapy, uses coping skills by using social skill training
what is the % of suicide rate of 15-24?
25%
in terms of gender
who has a higher success rate in suicide?
men because they use more lethal ways
between the ages of 10-19 what is the 2nd cause of death?
Suicide
what is the rate at which indigenous ppl commit suicide
7x
what are the steps for suicide prevention?
be sympathetic, ask what their plan is, dont degrade them, dont make them feel stressed by telling them they have to reach out
