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Usask year 4 > Psych of Aging 1 > Flashcards

Psych of Aging 1 Flashcards

Unit one test

1
Q

Whats a population statistic/demographic

A

it describes important characteristics of large groups of people

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2
Q

How do we determine what number of people can the world accommodate?

A

the number of people the world can handle is typically based off of how many resources we have that are sufficient to how many ppl we have.

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3
Q

What number of people can the world accommodate?

A

the median is 7.7 billion

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4
Q

what are the top 3 countries populations?

A

india china usa

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5
Q

what is the worlds current population?

A

8.2 billion

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6
Q

When did climate change become an emergency

A

2010

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7
Q

whats a frequency distribution?

A

A graph that depicts the number of observations within each category

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8
Q

whats a Population pyramid:

A

A frequency distribution that displays the number of people per age band. The mirrored presentation historically made the graph look like a pyramid.

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9
Q

how is the global population represented?

A

The number of people in a region is typically depicted in line graphs or population pyramids.

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10
Q

Is the population increasing or decreasing?

A

decreasing?

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11
Q

When will the population hit 10 Bil

A

2084

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12
Q

When reffering to the changing populations in the world what did it look like for children and adolescents?

A

There were less in the past as we were around a lot of risks and there wasnt alot of healthcare options for children

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13
Q

older adults

When reffering to the changing populations in the world what did the pramid look like ie 1950 2005 2025 and 2050?

A

In 1950 no one really lived past 65, life expectancy has surpassed 65 and now the pyramid has expanded out everywhere with a steep point around the age 90

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14
Q

When reffering to the changing populations in Canada what did it look like for children compared to adults and what abt now?

A

There were more children then adults and now there are more adults then children

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15
Q

What are the 2 drivers in population change

A

Fertility and mortality

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16
Q

What has happened to population change in canada

A

Fertility has dropped off the deaths are tipping off but again just less ppl are being born

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17
Q

What has happened to the population pyramids?

A

Annual mortality rates and fertility rates – have decreased, changing the shape of population pyramids.

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18
Q

What are the specific reasons have the population pyramids changed?

A

improved access to education, economic participation, healthcare, and social care.

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19
Q

Whats the Demographic transition model

A

The demographic transition model predicts how low fertility and low mortality affects the distribution of age groups in society across 5 progressive stages

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20
Q

What are the 5 progressive stages of the demographic transition model?

A

Stage one refers to the birthing rate
Stage 3 is where theres a population increase again
Stage 5 being end of life

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21
Q

When reffering to the 5 progressive stages of the demographic transition model what does the pyramid look like?

A

equal number of men and women starts skinny and point but eventually rounds out

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22
Q

What is to be said abt the workforce and fertility rates?

A

The more ppl needing to be in the workforce means less children are being born sop the fertility rate is following

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23
Q

At what stage of the demographic transition are Inuit people living in Canada?

A

probably stage 2

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24
Q

At what stage of the demographic transition are First Nations people?

A

Stage 2

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25
Q

At what stage of the demographic transition are metis people living in Canada?

A

stage 4

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26
Q

What is a demographic dividends

A

countries can benefit economically from a higher number of working age people relative to dependent children.

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27
Q

What is the dependancy ratio?

A

the number of children aged 0 to 14 years plus the number of persons aged 65 years or over per 100 persons aged 15 to 64 years

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28
Q

Is canadas dependancy ratio high or low and why?

A

high but canada uses immigration to correct population decline and keey the ratio low

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29
Q

When is the global population is set to decrease?

A

2084

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30
Q

whats the proper term for adults over the age of 65?

A

older adults

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31
Q

in 2023 the older population was the highest in what province

A

newfoundland

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32
Q

whats the expected ratio of older adults to ppl in the future

A

1 in 5

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33
Q

Whats lifespan mean

A

Lifespan is the maximum number of years a member of the species can live: about 120 years for humans

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34
Q

Whats healthspan

A

Healthspan is a non-scientific, pop culture term for the period of life spent in good health

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35
Q

Whats life expectancy

A

Life expectancy is the number of years a newborn baby is predicted to live

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36
Q

Whats health expectancy?

A

Health expectancy is the number of years a person is expected to live in good health

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37
Q

Statistically what gender has an advantage in life expectancy and why?

A

women are less susceptible to recessive diseases and their immune system has an advantage due to estrogen production

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38
Q

What province has the best life expectancy in canada and why?

A

BC due to its favourable climate and fresh produce is accesible

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39
Q

What is life disparsity?

A

it measures how much lifespand differs between individuals

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40
Q

Why is researching life disparsity a good idea to research?

A

it helps address preventable mortality

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41
Q

whats an example of life disparsity in canada?

A

Opioid crisis increased mortality in young to middle adulthood

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42
Q

what is the average number of years in good health an individual is expected to live given current morbidity and mortality conditions?

A

ranges between 68-70

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43
Q

What is one age related change (muscle tissue)

A

Sarcopenia

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44
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

age related loss in muscle tissue and function?

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45
Q

What are some of the risk factors associated with sarcopenia

A

Low nutrition = protein and calorie, medications, inactivity and loss of social activity

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46
Q

What are some Potential functional changes from sarcopenia:

A

Loss of strength that compromises everyday activities
Greater chance of falls
Dysphagia
Frailty
Hospitalization
Mortality

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47
Q

How does sarcopenia affect your psychosocial roles?

A

Role changes
Social isolation
Decreased quality of life
Anxiety about loss of function
Depression (more likely for women)

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48
Q

What is a preventable disability?

A

social participation can be maximized by preventing, delaying, or treating health conditions that result in a change in function

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49
Q

How can you prevent sarcopenia?

A

Meaningful social roles
Encouraging self-efficacy for health
Everyday activity
Strength/resistance exercise
Adequate calorie and protein intake
Discussion with physician

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50
Q

What are some characteristics of frailty

Hint: Low….

A

Associated with higher morbidity and mortality risk
Symptoms: low energy, low grip strength, slow walking speed, low physical activity, and unintentional weight loss
Gradually progresses
Sarcopenia is a component

51
Q

What is fraility

A

state of diminished physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to a broad range of adverse health outcomes

52
Q

Which symptom of frailty differs from sarcopenia?

A

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and function, and frailty can be defined as multi-system impairment associated with increased vulnerability to stressors.

52
Q

How does sarcopenia relate to frailty?

A

Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle function with ageing and is a major component of frailty.

53
Q

What is the Cortical bone? and how much % does is make up

A

dense & solid, compact hard white surface tissue 80% outer

54
Q

What are some of the Anatomical changes with aging:

A

Increased fat to marrow ratio
Cortical bone – thinner and more porous
Trabecular bone – reduced volume
Loss of vertical height due to loss of mass in vertebrae

54
Q

What is the Trabecular bone and how much % does is make up

A

meshlike material within the cortical tissue 20%

55
Q

If you have osteoporosis what are you at risk of?

A

fragility fractures

55
Q

Sex & gender differences in bone mass with age: 15-20, & 30?

A

15-20 - Peak bone mass and size (women) & later (men)
>30 – Decrease in bone mineral density, lumbar spine (all)
>30 - Decrease in bone mineral density, wrist –(all)
Mid-life decrease in sex hormones accelerates bone loss (all)

56
Q

What is one Age-related change in bone tissue?

A

Osteoporosis

57
Q

What are some Functional changes related to bone and muscle loss?

A

Decrease in grip strength after age 50
Deterioration in balance from age 60
Deterioration in gait from age 70
Stiffness, pain, and reduced mobility

57
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

A disease that occurs when bones weaken and become prone to fracturing or breaking due to loss of bone mineral density

58
Q

What is an example of an Age-related change in joints

A

Osteoarthritis

59
Q

What are some of the psychosocial effects of osteoporosis?

A

Pain
Anxiety about fractures, falls, aging, support needs, or death
Depression
Loss of social roles
Social isolation

60
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the issues of the joint including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fat and synovium

61
Q

What are the functional and psychosocial effects of osteoarthritis

A

Reduced participation due to pain or mobility loss
Pain
Insomnia!!!
Lower mood
Potential for effects on relationships
decreased quality of life

61
Q

How do we manage osteoarthritis?

A

Exercise
Braces and other assistive technologies
Medicines
Joint replacement surgery (especially hip and knee)
Maintaining a healthy weight
Education and skill development

62
Q

What is the lifespan diamond approach?

A

By enriching one of four domains (Relational, physical, mental, activity) of life will result in improvements

62
Q

What is environmental psychology?

A

examines the interaction between people and their environments

63
Q

What is Health psychology

A

the understanding and influencing biological, psychological, and social influences on health

64
Q

What is the Typical age-related changes in eye structure & function

A

Reduced retinal health
decrease in ganglion cells and neurotransmitters

65
Q

What is Presbyopia?

A

Loss of ability to focus on near objects and theres a less flexible lens

66
Q

What muscle stiffens in presbyopia

A

the Ciliary muscle

67
Q

problems w Typical age-related changes in eye structure & function

A

Increased intraocular light scatter, Reduced dim light contrast sensitivity and spatial contrast, Speed processing

68
Q

What is cataracts?

A

The density of the lens increases (normal in aging)

69
Q

What is vision like for ppl with cataracts?

A

It can cause opaque areas, blurred vision and difficulty performing visual task

70
Q

How is cataracts treated?

A

Surgery?

71
Q

We know that speed processing is an issues that affects vision with age, whats something that helps with training speed?

A

Cognitive training

72
Q

what is Useful Field of View

A

the area from which one can extract visual information in a single glance without eye or head movement.

73
Q

what can “useful field of view” be used for

A

It can be a predictor of crash eye

74
Q

What is Glaucoma?

A

group of eye diseases that effect the optic nerve

75
Q

What are symptoms of Glaucoma?

A

Peripheral vision lost first
Often asymptomatic until late in the disease

76
Q

What is Macular degeneration?

A

changes in the retina, dark spots blurry ness

77
Q

What is Diabetic retinopathy

A

low vision caused as diabetes or other health risk factors compromise eye health

78
Q

What are the symptoms relating to the Impact of late vision loss

A

Eye strain
Increased difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living
Increased risk of falling,
Reduced economic and social participation

79
Q

what are psychosocial issues with late vision loss

A

reduced quality of life
depression and anxiety
social isolation
cognitive decline

80
Q

In adulthood, what is a good status of biological determinant of health?

A

Eye health

81
Q

What is Quintuple aim” of healthcare

A

good care experiences, good employee experiences, improved population health, feasible cost, and health equity

82
Q

What is health equity?

A

Distribution of resources that support health and function should be equitable across populations

83
Q

What is General universalism

A

a health equity solution that proposes that everyone receive the same health and social benefits regardless of characteristics, means, or needs

84
Q

What is specific Universalism

A

extends this idea by introducing legal rights that can be invoked when there are access barriers

85
Q

What is proportionate universalism

A

a solution that allocates proportionally greater resources to those experiencing the worst health or social outcomes

86
Q

What is tinitus?

A

mis)perception of ringing, roaring, or buzzing

86
Q

what are 2 Age-related diagnosis in hearing

A

Presbycusis and tinnutis

87
Q

What is presbycusis

A

reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones; often the earliest-occurring and most common type of hearing loss

88
Q

what are some effects that people experience with Presbycusis

A

Changes in balance
Difficulty communicating
Changes in relationships

89
Q

what are some of the psychosocial effects that Presbycusis has

A

Loss of independence, social isolation
Emotional effects such as irritation, paranoia, depression are possible
Accelerated cognitive change
Decreased quality of life

90
Q

true or false by age 65 only 12% of people don’t have a chronic condition

A

true

90
Q

What are some communication strategies for presbycusis?

A

face the person in a well lit room be positive and keep your voice low

91
Q

25% of those age BLANK and older have dementia

A

85

92
Q

Older adults have significantly lower rates of BLANK illness

A

mental

93
Q

What does ADL stand for

A

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

94
Q

what does IADL stand for

A

Instrumental activities of daily living

95
Q

whats the difference between ADL’s and IADL’s?

A

Muscle and body function vs mental and cognition

96
Q

What is the definition of disability?

A

physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental condition that impairs, interferes with

97
Q

what is the medical model of disability?

A

the medical model assumes that disability needs to be treated with meds or assistance

98
Q

what are the strengths of the medical model?

A

motivates, research, and development on treatments and supports

99
Q

what is the weakness of the medical model?

A

there’s an emphasis on functional capacity as independence is inconsistent with the perspective of the disability community

100
Q

what is the social model of disability?

A

disabled people are disabled because of society

101
Q

what is the meaning behind the term disabled people?

A

people who have been disabled by other people, this therefore means that society is disabling people by not making things accessible

102
Q

what does anti cure mean?

A

an alternative way of living

103
Q

what are the strengths of the social model?

A

facilitates more complex, thinking about disability and encourages greater accountability to disabled people in services

104
Q

what is the integrated model?

A

it assumes that every human being can experience a detriment in health and thereby experience some disability

105
Q

what is the WHO model of disability?

A

the environment-disability relationship is also dynamic. people with certain health conditions may be less evil in some environments than others

106
Q

What is this soc model?

A

The soc model assumes that personal and social resources to meet needs and accomplish goals are limited therefore, goals must be selected

107
Q

What does the SOC model stand for?

A

Selection, optimizing, and compensation

108
Q

what are the strengths of the integrative model

A

its intended to be used universally and mantains an incentive for biomedical therapies and assistive technologies

109
Q

what are the weaknesses of the integrative model?

A

A questions about whether it is advantageous to remove the term disability, a focus on impairment is maintained

110
Q

What is the Crip theory?

A

An academic discourse that explicitly questions and normative of able body

111
Q

what does Crip mean?

A

reclaiming and repositioning the stigmatized term crippled

112
Q

what does compulsory bodyness mean?

A

a characteristic of culturally defined normates

112
Q

what does normate mean?

A

implicit knowledge of culturally valued bodies?

113
Q

what is a caregiver?

A

any person who takes care of someone unpaid

114
Q

what is shakespeares’ solidarity model

A

when reffereing to caregiver terms the model uses the words giving, receiving and being interdependant

Usask year 4 (8 decks)

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