Psych of Aging 1 Flashcards
Unit one test
Whats a population statistic/demographic
it describes important characteristics of large groups of people
How do we determine what number of people can the world accommodate?
the number of people the world can handle is typically based off of how many resources we have that are sufficient to how many ppl we have.
What number of people can the world accommodate?
the median is 7.7 billion
what are the top 3 countries populations?
india china usa
what is the worlds current population?
8.2 billion
When did climate change become an emergency
2010
whats a frequency distribution?
A graph that depicts the number of observations within each category
whats a Population pyramid:
A frequency distribution that displays the number of people per age band. The mirrored presentation historically made the graph look like a pyramid.
how is the global population represented?
The number of people in a region is typically depicted in line graphs or population pyramids.
Is the population increasing or decreasing?
decreasing?
When will the population hit 10 Bil
2084
When reffering to the changing populations in the world what did it look like for children and adolescents?
There were less in the past as we were around a lot of risks and there wasnt alot of healthcare options for children
older adults
When reffering to the changing populations in the world what did the pramid look like ie 1950 2005 2025 and 2050?
In 1950 no one really lived past 65, life expectancy has surpassed 65 and now the pyramid has expanded out everywhere with a steep point around the age 90
When reffering to the changing populations in Canada what did it look like for children compared to adults and what abt now?
There were more children then adults and now there are more adults then children
What are the 2 drivers in population change
Fertility and mortality
What has happened to population change in canada
Fertility has dropped off the deaths are tipping off but again just less ppl are being born
What has happened to the population pyramids?
Annual mortality rates and fertility rates – have decreased, changing the shape of population pyramids.
What are the specific reasons have the population pyramids changed?
improved access to education, economic participation, healthcare, and social care.
Whats the Demographic transition model
The demographic transition model predicts how low fertility and low mortality affects the distribution of age groups in society across 5 progressive stages
What are the 5 progressive stages of the demographic transition model?
Stage one refers to the birthing rate
Stage 3 is where theres a population increase again
Stage 5 being end of life
When reffering to the 5 progressive stages of the demographic transition model what does the pyramid look like?
equal number of men and women starts skinny and point but eventually rounds out
What is to be said abt the workforce and fertility rates?
The more ppl needing to be in the workforce means less children are being born sop the fertility rate is following
At what stage of the demographic transition are Inuit people living in Canada?
probably stage 2
At what stage of the demographic transition are First Nations people?
Stage 2
At what stage of the demographic transition are metis people living in Canada?
stage 4
What is a demographic dividends
countries can benefit economically from a higher number of working age people relative to dependent children.
What is the dependancy ratio?
the number of children aged 0 to 14 years plus the number of persons aged 65 years or over per 100 persons aged 15 to 64 years
Is canadas dependancy ratio high or low and why?
high but canada uses immigration to correct population decline and keey the ratio low
When is the global population is set to decrease?
2084
whats the proper term for adults over the age of 65?
older adults
in 2023 the older population was the highest in what province
newfoundland
whats the expected ratio of older adults to ppl in the future
1 in 5
Whats lifespan mean
Lifespan is the maximum number of years a member of the species can live: about 120 years for humans
Whats healthspan
Healthspan is a non-scientific, pop culture term for the period of life spent in good health
Whats life expectancy
Life expectancy is the number of years a newborn baby is predicted to live
Whats health expectancy?
Health expectancy is the number of years a person is expected to live in good health
Statistically what gender has an advantage in life expectancy and why?
women are less susceptible to recessive diseases and their immune system has an advantage due to estrogen production
What province has the best life expectancy in canada and why?
BC due to its favourable climate and fresh produce is accesible
What is life disparsity?
it measures how much lifespand differs between individuals
Why is researching life disparsity a good idea to research?
it helps address preventable mortality
whats an example of life disparsity in canada?
Opioid crisis increased mortality in young to middle adulthood
what is the average number of years in good health an individual is expected to live given current morbidity and mortality conditions?
ranges between 68-70
What is one age related change (muscle tissue)
Sarcopenia
What is sarcopenia?
age related loss in muscle tissue and function?
What are some of the risk factors associated with sarcopenia
Low nutrition = protein and calorie, medications, inactivity and loss of social activity
What are some Potential functional changes from sarcopenia:
Loss of strength that compromises everyday activities
Greater chance of falls
Dysphagia
Frailty
Hospitalization
Mortality
How does sarcopenia affect your psychosocial roles?
Role changes
Social isolation
Decreased quality of life
Anxiety about loss of function
Depression (more likely for women)
What is a preventable disability?
social participation can be maximized by preventing, delaying, or treating health conditions that result in a change in function
How can you prevent sarcopenia?
Meaningful social roles
Encouraging self-efficacy for health
Everyday activity
Strength/resistance exercise
Adequate calorie and protein intake
Discussion with physician
What are some characteristics of frailty
Hint: Low….
Associated with higher morbidity and mortality risk
Symptoms: low energy, low grip strength, slow walking speed, low physical activity, and unintentional weight loss
Gradually progresses
Sarcopenia is a component
What is fraility
state of diminished physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to a broad range of adverse health outcomes
Which symptom of frailty differs from sarcopenia?
Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and function, and frailty can be defined as multi-system impairment associated with increased vulnerability to stressors.
How does sarcopenia relate to frailty?
Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle function with ageing and is a major component of frailty.
What is the Cortical bone? and how much % does is make up
dense & solid, compact hard white surface tissue 80% outer
What are some of the Anatomical changes with aging:
Increased fat to marrow ratio
Cortical bone – thinner and more porous
Trabecular bone – reduced volume
Loss of vertical height due to loss of mass in vertebrae
What is the Trabecular bone and how much % does is make up
meshlike material within the cortical tissue 20%
If you have osteoporosis what are you at risk of?
fragility fractures
Sex & gender differences in bone mass with age: 15-20, & 30?
15-20 - Peak bone mass and size (women) & later (men)
>30 – Decrease in bone mineral density, lumbar spine (all)
>30 - Decrease in bone mineral density, wrist –(all)
Mid-life decrease in sex hormones accelerates bone loss (all)
What is one Age-related change in bone tissue?
Osteoporosis
What are some Functional changes related to bone and muscle loss?
Decrease in grip strength after age 50
Deterioration in balance from age 60
Deterioration in gait from age 70
Stiffness, pain, and reduced mobility
What is Osteoporosis?
A disease that occurs when bones weaken and become prone to fracturing or breaking due to loss of bone mineral density
What is an example of an Age-related change in joints
Osteoarthritis
What are some of the psychosocial effects of osteoporosis?
Pain
Anxiety about fractures, falls, aging, support needs, or death
Depression
Loss of social roles
Social isolation
What is Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect the issues of the joint including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fat and synovium
What are the functional and psychosocial effects of osteoarthritis
Reduced participation due to pain or mobility loss
Pain
Insomnia!!!
Lower mood
Potential for effects on relationships
decreased quality of life
How do we manage osteoarthritis?
Exercise
Braces and other assistive technologies
Medicines
Joint replacement surgery (especially hip and knee)
Maintaining a healthy weight
Education and skill development
What is the lifespan diamond approach?
By enriching one of four domains (Relational, physical, mental, activity) of life will result in improvements
What is environmental psychology?
examines the interaction between people and their environments
What is Health psychology
the understanding and influencing biological, psychological, and social influences on health
What is the Typical age-related changes in eye structure & function
Reduced retinal health
decrease in ganglion cells and neurotransmitters
What is Presbyopia?
Loss of ability to focus on near objects and theres a less flexible lens
What muscle stiffens in presbyopia
the Ciliary muscle
problems w Typical age-related changes in eye structure & function
Increased intraocular light scatter, Reduced dim light contrast sensitivity and spatial contrast, Speed processing
What is cataracts?
The density of the lens increases (normal in aging)
What is vision like for ppl with cataracts?
It can cause opaque areas, blurred vision and difficulty performing visual task
How is cataracts treated?
Surgery?
We know that speed processing is an issues that affects vision with age, whats something that helps with training speed?
Cognitive training
what is Useful Field of View
the area from which one can extract visual information in a single glance without eye or head movement.
what can “useful field of view” be used for
It can be a predictor of crash eye
What is Glaucoma?
group of eye diseases that effect the optic nerve
What are symptoms of Glaucoma?
Peripheral vision lost first
Often asymptomatic until late in the disease
What is Macular degeneration?
changes in the retina, dark spots blurry ness
What is Diabetic retinopathy
low vision caused as diabetes or other health risk factors compromise eye health
What are the symptoms relating to the Impact of late vision loss
Eye strain
Increased difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living
Increased risk of falling,
Reduced economic and social participation
what are psychosocial issues with late vision loss
reduced quality of life
depression and anxiety
social isolation
cognitive decline
In adulthood, what is a good status of biological determinant of health?
Eye health
What is Quintuple aim” of healthcare
good care experiences, good employee experiences, improved population health, feasible cost, and health equity
What is health equity?
Distribution of resources that support health and function should be equitable across populations
What is General universalism
a health equity solution that proposes that everyone receive the same health and social benefits regardless of characteristics, means, or needs
What is specific Universalism
extends this idea by introducing legal rights that can be invoked when there are access barriers
What is proportionate universalism
a solution that allocates proportionally greater resources to those experiencing the worst health or social outcomes
What is tinitus?
mis)perception of ringing, roaring, or buzzing
what are 2 Age-related diagnosis in hearing
Presbycusis and tinnutis
What is presbycusis
reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones; often the earliest-occurring and most common type of hearing loss
what are some effects that people experience with Presbycusis
Changes in balance
Difficulty communicating
Changes in relationships
what are some of the psychosocial effects that Presbycusis has
Loss of independence, social isolation
Emotional effects such as irritation, paranoia, depression are possible
Accelerated cognitive change
Decreased quality of life
true or false by age 65 only 12% of people don’t have a chronic condition
true
What are some communication strategies for presbycusis?
face the person in a well lit room be positive and keep your voice low
25% of those age BLANK and older have dementia
85
Older adults have significantly lower rates of BLANK illness
mental
What does ADL stand for
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
what does IADL stand for
Instrumental activities of daily living
whats the difference between ADL’s and IADL’s?
Muscle and body function vs mental and cognition
What is the definition of disability?
physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental condition that impairs, interferes with
what is the medical model of disability?
the medical model assumes that disability needs to be treated with meds or assistance
what are the strengths of the medical model?
motivates, research, and development on treatments and supports
what is the weakness of the medical model?
there’s an emphasis on functional capacity as independence is inconsistent with the perspective of the disability community
what is the social model of disability?
disabled people are disabled because of society
what is the meaning behind the term disabled people?
people who have been disabled by other people, this therefore means that society is disabling people by not making things accessible
what does anti cure mean?
an alternative way of living
what are the strengths of the social model?
facilitates more complex, thinking about disability and encourages greater accountability to disabled people in services
what is the integrated model?
it assumes that every human being can experience a detriment in health and thereby experience some disability
what is the WHO model of disability?
the environment-disability relationship is also dynamic. people with certain health conditions may be less evil in some environments than others
What is this soc model?
The soc model assumes that personal and social resources to meet needs and accomplish goals are limited therefore, goals must be selected
What does the SOC model stand for?
Selection, optimizing, and compensation
what are the strengths of the integrative model
its intended to be used universally and mantains an incentive for biomedical therapies and assistive technologies
what are the weaknesses of the integrative model?
A questions about whether it is advantageous to remove the term disability, a focus on impairment is maintained
What is the Crip theory?
An academic discourse that explicitly questions and normative of able body
what does Crip mean?
reclaiming and repositioning the stigmatized term crippled
what does compulsory bodyness mean?
a characteristic of culturally defined normates
what does normate mean?
implicit knowledge of culturally valued bodies?
what is a caregiver?
any person who takes care of someone unpaid
what is shakespeares’ solidarity model
when reffereing to caregiver terms the model uses the words giving, receiving and being interdependant
