Ab psych 3 Flashcards
What gender dysphoria? broad
a state of generalized unhappiness, restlessness, dissatisfaction, or frustration with their gender
What is gender assignment?
Natal gender - what were you born as
What is gender identity?
psychological sense of self - what do you feel most aligned with
Whats gender dysphoria? specific
individual experiences significant personal distress or impaired functioning as a result of a discrepancy between their anatomic sex and gender identity.
gender identity/assignment + ______ = gender dysphoria
distress
When does gender dysphoria start
early childhood - adolescent, adult life maybe but that just means emotions were repressed
whose more likely to cross dress as a child?
boys
What happens during puberty for children suffering from gender dysphoria
they feel out of place and try to hide themselves
who reports on gender dysphoria more?
Boys - usually identified by parents who bring their children in
What is transgender identity?
gender identity has the psychological sense of belonging to one gender while possessing the sexual organs of the other
true or false: sexual identity and appearance are psychological
true
Is cross dressing commorbid with gender dysphoria
yes and no - sometimes its to make the person more comfortable the other is for erotic feelings
before going to gender surgery what suggestions are there?
Counselling
From gender surgery/hormones which one is reversible?
hormones
what is the rate of suicide in trans vs general public
higher rates then general pop
what is psychotherapy for gender dysphoria?
they are there to make the best decision for themselves - cbt but very individualized
what is paraphilic disorder?
Recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving
(objects, clothings, children, hurting or embarassing themselves or partner)
paraphillic disorder contact vs non contact?
contact - physical body contact, non contact: stalking, photos sending videos of children
what is a Exhibitionistic Disorder?
recurrent, powerful urges to expose one’s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger to surprise, shock, or sexually arouse the victim
What disorder describes: The ‘shock’ from the victim can be the most arousing part of the behaviour.
Exhibitionistic Disorder
what is Fetishistic disorder?
Recurrent, powerful sexual urges and arousing fantasies involving body parts or inanimate objects
what is Transvestic disorder?
Recurrent, powerful urges and related fantasies involving cross-dressing for purposes of sexual arousal
what is Voyeuristic disorder?
watching unsuspecting people, generally strangers, who are undressed, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity
what is Frotteuristic disorder?
bumping and rubbing against nonconsenting victims for sexual gratification
what is Pedophilic Disorder?
16 years of age and at least 5 years older than the child or children toward whom they are sexually attracted or whom they have victimized
Diagnostic indicator is the extensive use of child pornography
who are the offendors of a paraphilic disorder?
law-abiding, respected male citizens in their 30s or 40s
neurodevelopment deficits + sexual abuse =
Pedophilia
what are the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse?
psych prob, eating disorders, premature sex behaviour, drug abuse, suicide and PTSD
what is Sexual masochism disorder?
Recurrent urges and fantasies relating to sexual acts that involve being humiliated, bound, flogged, or made to suffer in other ways
what is Hypoxyphilia?
person seeks sexual gratification by being deprived of oxygen by means of using a noose, plastic bag, chemical, or pressure on the chest
who does death visit during hypoxyphillia
single male aged 15 to 29 years who performed the act repetitively and when alone
what is Sexual sadism disorder?
inflicting humiliation or physical pain on sex partners (non consentfully)
What is Sadomasochism?
sexual activities between consenting partners involving the attainment of gratification by means of inflicting and receiving pain and humiliation
what is Telephone Scatologia?
obscene phone calls
what is Necrophilia
sexual contact with corpses
what is Zoophilia
sexual contact with animals
what is Coprophilia?
sexual urges or fantasies involving feces
what do psychoanalysts think about paraphilic disorder?
repeating or reverting to a sexual habit that arose early in life
what do behaviourists think about paraphilic disorder?
paraphilias begin through a process of conditioning: Nonsexual objects can become sexually arousing if they are repeatedly associated with pleasurable sexual activity
what are the levels of paraphilic disorders?
Level 1: non-consensual physical contact for sexual purpose
Level 2: assault with a weapon
Level 3: aggravated; physical harm and/or threat of death
The woman is acquainted with the assailant in ____% of sexual assault cases
80%
Antisocial theme for sexual assault
A theme to dominate women or express hatred toward them may be more prominent motives for sexual assault than is sexual desire
Paraphilia theme for sexual assault
Sometimes the violence or stalking behavior in itself is sexually arousing (not necessarily the sex). Sometimes sexual pleasure can only happen when the victim is humiliated.
what is the psychological theme for sexual assault?
Sometimes there are significant emotional difficulties. Over identification with children. Social isolation. ‘Clingy’ behavior and awkward social skills
what is the psychological theme for sexual assault?
Promiscuous behavior at parties, clubs, bars. Date rape drug. Hazing rituals. Devant family practices. All these can set the social culture where a sexual assault is ‘normalized’.
what is Sexual dysfunctions
problems with sexual interest, arousal, or response.
3 types of sexual dysfunction
Disorders involving problems with sexual interest or arousal
Disorders involving problems with orgasmic response
Problems involving pain during sexual intercourse or penetration (in women)
what are Sexual Interest / Arousal Disorders?
Male erectile disorder, Male hypoactive, Female sexual interest
What is scizophrenia?
chronic disorder, acute episodes of breaks from reality, Delusions hallucinations, incoherent speech and bizarre behaviour
Who is Emil Kraeplin and what was he known for?
Kraepelin tied dementia praecox to organic changes in the brain
What are the 3 types of schizophrenia?
Catatonia, hebephrenia and paranoia
What is catatonia?
Motor activities are disrupted
a fixed or rigid posture, odd gestures and bizarre facial expressions
What is Heberphrenia?
Inappropriate emotional reactions and behaviour
What is paranoia?
Delusions of grandeur and of persecution
What are the 4 A’s of Schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler?
Blunted affect, associations, ambivalence and autism
What is the Blunted affect?
Diminished emotional response to stimuli
What did Kurt Schneider think about hallucinations and delusions?
Schneider rated both as first rank symptoms of schizophrenia
What is the first order of schizophrenia?
delusion perception, passitivity and third person (external) auditory hallucinations
What is the second order from schneiders ranking order?
Delusions of reference, paranoid delusions and second-person auditory hallucination
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?
1% of the adult Canadian population, Fifth leading cause of disability worldwide and 79% are unemployed
Whats the % of schizophrenic ppl who have used substances
80%
What % of people with schizophrenia attempt suicide?
40-60%
What are the stigmas of scizophrenia?
theres a stigma surrounding violence in individuals with schiz which therefore interferes with housing, work and treatment
When does Schiz develop?
Late teens or early 20’s
What are the 3 stages of Schizophrenia?
Prodomal, Acute and residual
What is the prodomal stage of schizophrenia?
They experience their first acute psychotic episode and then theres a period of decline
What happens in the acute stage of schizo?
development of hallucinations, delusions and disorganized speech/behaviour
What happens in the Residual Phase?
The residual phase happens after the acute phase. Its characterized by a return of functioning similar. ( the only difference between prodomal and residual is the ORDER)
What are the main feature delusions of schizo?
Persecution (someones out to get you), grandeur (HIGH sense of self), reference (abilities and powers) and delusions of being controlled
A major feature of Schiz is disorganized speech, which shows itself as a thought disorder but what is that?
breakdown in the organization, processing, and control of thoughts
Speech pattern is often disorganized or jumbled and may jump from one topic to another
What is thought broadcasting
others can hear or interpret your thoughts
What is circumstantial speech?
Rambling to get around telling the point
What is Neologism
Creation of new words
What is rumination?
persistant Repetition of thoughts
What is clanging?
String words together that rhyme
What is blocking?
Involuntary interuption of speech and thought
What is the most common type of hallucination in schiz?
Visual/Auditory
What are the biological causes of schizo?
Excess level of dopamine, receptors and their activity
What are the neg (decrease from normal) affects of schizo?
social-skills deficits
flattened affect
decrease of speech and thought
psychomotor retardation
failure to experience pleasure
What are the positive (added) symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder
What is the psychodynamic perspective regarding schizophrenia?
Overwhelming of the ego by primitive sexual or aggressive drives or impulses arising from the id
What are the learning perspectives for schizophrenia?
Behaviour results from a lack of social reinforcement, this leads to less social engagment and therefore theres an increased attention to a fantasy life
What are the bio perspectives for schizo?
Genetics, dopamine and viral infections
whats the The Dopamine Hypothesis ofschizophrenia?
hyperactivity ofdopamine receptor in subcortical/limbic brain regions
What does the diathesis stress model look like in schizo?
look at slide 35
What are the family theories behind schizophrenia?
Double bind theory: children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia.
What is Tardive Dyskinesia in schizo?
Side effect from antipsychotic drug that causes involuntary movements
What type of meds for schizo?
Antipsychotic
What is the % of older adults over the age of 65 w mental illness?
10-20%
What % of canadian children will develop a mental disorder?
10-20%
What are the 4 most common categories of behaviour disorders?
Anxiety, conduct, ADHD, Depressive disorder
What % of high school students report moderate anxiety/depressive symptoms?
34%
When do Neurodevelopmental disorders begin?
Developmental period
What is ASD (neurodevelopmental disorder) characterized by?
chronic and lifelong, deficits in the ability to relate/communicate and by restricted range of activities
When does ASD become evident?
between 12-18 months
What gender is asd more common in?
Boys by 4x!
How is ASD rated?
severe, moderate and mild
What are the behavioural deficits of ASD?
communication, fixated interests, difficulties with transitions and sensory issues
What is rough and tough play?
friendly chasing and play fighting
What is the cognitive behavioural perspective behind ASD?
Perceptual deficit that allows processing of only one stimulus at a time
What are the cognitive theories behind ASD?
Both perceptual and cognitive deficits diminish the ability understand social rules
What is the theory of mind hypothesis?
the ability to attribute a mental state to oneself and others
In other words, Theory of mind is thinking about _____
thought
What is 3 criteria needed for intellectual disability?
- Deficit in intellectual functioning, 2. evidence of impaired functioning in adaptive, 3. onset of the disorder in developmental period
what are the ratings of developmental delay
mild, moderate, severe and profound
What are the biological causes of intellectual disability
chromosome and genetic disorders, Infectious diseases, brain damage
What is down syndrome?
extra chromosome, intellectual disability and physical abnormalities
What are the features of down syndrome
round face. broad flat nose and small corners of eyes
What is fragile x syndrome
Caused by mutated gene on the X sex chromosome
Mild to profound learning disabilities
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
prevents the metabolization of phenylpyruvic acid
Causes damage to the central nervous system
Intellectual disability
Emotional disturbance
What is Tay-Sachs Disease?
Recessive gene on chromosome 15, disease of lipid metabolism
What are the prenatal factors from intellectual disability?
Maternal infections
Rubella (German Measles)
C M V (Cytomegalovirus)
Substance abuse during pregnancy (FAS)
What is a Teratogen?
A teratogen is a substance, agent, or process that can cause birth defects or increase the risk of a baby being born with a birth defect:
What is the familial cause of intellectual disability?
Lack toys, books, or opportunities to interact with adults in intellectually stimulating ways
What are the behavioural approach to intellectual disability?
verbal instruction, physical guidance and reward, social skills training
What is a specific learning disability?
Impairs school performance or daily activities(can be high or low grades) (math, reading, written expression)
What is dyslexia?
Children read slowly, distort, omit, or substitute words when reading aloud
what is an Individual Education Plan?
Document w learning, behaviour description of outcome achievments and evaluation
what is the Impairment in Written Expression called?
Dysgraphia, Difficulty in composing sentences and paragraphs
Key features of ADHD?
Characterized by excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and/or an inability to focus one’s attention
What are the biological perspectives of ADHD?
regulating the processes of attention, inhibition of motor behavior, and executive control
What is a conduct disorder?
CHILD Intentional patterns of antisocial behaviour that violate social norms and the rights of others
(before age 10)
What is the treatment for adhd?
Stimulants, CBT, Self talk
what are the 4 categories of conduct disorder?
aggression to people and animals
destruction of property
deceitfulness or theft
serious violation of rules
What is ODD
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Characterized by excessive oppositionality or tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others. (must be sustained for 6m)
What do learning theorists think of ODD
due to inappropriate reinforcement (“giving in”). Associated with Permissive Parenting and neglectful parenting Styles.
What is the treatment for ODD
parent training and CBT
Are Neurocognitive disorders psychologically based?
No the Brain is either damaged or impaired
What is delirium?
State of extreme mental confusion
what is delirium from?
result of abrupt withdrawal from psychoactive drugs ie alcohol (younger patients)
what is treatment for delirium
medication neuroleptics
what age is late onset dementia and early onset
late: after 65 early: 65 or earlier
how many disorders are known to cause dementia?
50
What is alzheimers?
Degenerative brain disease that leads to progressive, irreversible dementia
What is neuropathy?
Depletion of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach), contributes significantly to memory deficits
Inflammation of the brain is common
What is the diagnosis of alzheimers dementia?
memory test, MRI and PET scans
What does advanced AD look like
Severe decline in cognitive functions
Lose ability to speak or control body movement
Require assistance in toileting and feeding
Unable to communicate, walk, or sit up
Seizures, coma, and death
what is the treatment for AD
Modest benefits from drugs
Donepezil (Aricept) increases levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Antipsychotics for agitation and aggression
