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Usask year 4 > Age Psych Unit 3 test > Flashcards

Age Psych Unit 3 test Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

A systematic approach to observing, measuring, and testing how things work.

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2
Q

What do social sciences study?

A

How people think, behave, and interact with one another.

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3
Q

What does qualitative research involve?

A

collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.

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4
Q

What type of qualitative research aligns with the ascension of Plato’s arch?

A

Inductive qualitative research.

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5
Q

Name one approach used in inductive qualitative analysis.

IQA: analyzing data without predetermined categories or theories.

A

Reflexive thematic analysis.

emphasizes the researcher’s subjectivity in interpreting data

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6
Q

Name another approach used in inductive qualitative analysis.

A

Grounded theory

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7
Q

What type of qualitative research is associated with just past the midpoint of Plato’s arch?

A

Deductive qualitative research.

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8
Q

Name one approach used in deductive qualitative analysis.

A

Critical discourse analysis.

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9
Q

Name another approach used in deductive qualitative analysis.

A

Template organizing approach.

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10
Q

What does “r” represent in a simple correlational design?

A

The strength of a linear relationship between two variables.

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11
Q

What is the range of “r” in correlational designs?

A

From an absolute value of 0 to 1.

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12
Q

What does a negative “r” indicate in a correlational design?

A

An inverse relationship between two variables.

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13
Q

What is an experimental design?

A

A controlled test of a hypothesis where the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

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14
Q

What is the best way to prove the existence of a cause-effect relationship?

A

Experimental design.

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15
Q

Name one way to improve experimental trials.

A

Have a control group.

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16
Q

Name another way to improve experimental trials.

A

Employ random assignment.

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17
Q

What is a trial called when random assignment is used?

A

Randomized controlled trial (RCT).

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18
Q

What is a placebo control used for in experiments?

A

To improve experimental trials by simulating the treatment without actual effects.

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19
Q

What is the key feature of a single-blind experiment?

A

Participants do not know which group they are in.

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20
Q

What is the key feature of a double-blind experiment?

A

Neither the participants nor the researchers know which group the participants are in.

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21
Q

What is a quasi-experimental study?

A

research method that examines cause-and-effect relationships without random assignment

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22
Q

name 2 examples of the quasi-experimental study

A

The nun study and loma linda

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23
Q

Name 3 types of effect that can influence results in developmental studies.

A

Age, time of measurment and cohort effects.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of designing developmental studies carefully?

A

To understand what is influencing the results.

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25
Q

What do cross-sectional studies measure?

A

A trait across a number of age groups or categories at the same time.

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26
Q

Name 2 vulnerabilities of cross-sectional studies.

A

Cohort effects and selective survival.

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27
Q

Give an example of a cross-sectional study measurement?

A

Hours of exercise per week among different age groups.

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28
Q

What do longitudinal studies measure?

A

The same variable(s) in the same individuals at different ages.

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29
Q

What is selective attrition in longitudinal studies?

A

When participants who drop out are not representative of the original sample.

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30
Q

What is terminal decline?

A

The gradual loss of cognitive abilities as individuals approach death.

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31
Q

What is a practice effect in longitudinal studies?

A

Improved performance on tests due to familiarity with the test rather than actual change.

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32
Q

What is one limitation of cross-sectional studies compared to longitudinal studies?

A

They reflect age differences rather than changes.

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33
Q

What challenge arises with participant selection in cross-sectional studies?

A

Selective survival of more able participants.

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34
Q

What is an issue with age ranges in cross-sectional studies?

A

Deciding on appropriate age ranges and how to divide the sample.

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35
Q

What is a challenge when comparing measures across age groups?

A

Finding comparable measures for older and younger adults.

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36
Q

What do sequential studies combine?

A

Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

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37
Q

Name one key feature of sequential studies.

A

Enrolling a group of people at different ages and following them over time.

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38
Q

Name one advantage of sequential studies.

A

They allow the study of change over time.

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39
Q

The Seattle Longitudinal Study of Aging involved more than ______ individuals from 1956 to 1998 in six testing cycles.

A

5,000.

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40
Q

The Seattle Longitudinal Study used the ______ test to systematically examine age, cohort, and time of measurement effects.

A

Primary Mental Abilities Test (PMAT).

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41
Q

The Seattle Longitudinal Study divided ______ participants into 10 age intervals of five years each.

A

500

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42
Q

People tend to show improvement in some primary abilities until their ______ or ______.

A

40s; 50s.

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43
Q

Scores in primary intellectual abilities stabilize until the mid-______ and early ______.

A

50s; 60s.

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44
Q

By the late ______, consistent declines in primary intellectual abilities are observed.

A

60s.

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45
Q

______ meaning shows the least amount of change in primary intellectual abilities through age 74.

A

Verbal.

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46
Q

______ ability shows the earliest and greatest drops in primary intellectual abilities.

A

Numeric.

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47
Q

Statistical significance refers to the chance of obtaining the same result with another ______ from the population.

A

Sample.

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48
Q

Statistical significance does not refer to the ______ of the result.

A

Size

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49
Q

A larger ______ size is associated with the reliability of the result.

A

Sample

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50
Q

______ refers to how trustworthy the results are over time.

A

Reliability

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51
Q

An example of reliability is ______ reliability, which checks if results are stable over time.

A

Test-retest.

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52
Q

______ refers to whether a questionnaire measures what it proposes to measure.

A

Validity

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53
Q

______ validity assesses whether results predict a future event, like how the MCAT predicts aptitude for medical school.

A

Predictive

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54
Q

The ______ Code of Ethics for Psychologists provides ethical guidance for all psychologists in Canada.

A

Canadian

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55
Q

The Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is arranged in a hierarchy of ______ ethical principles

A

4

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56
Q

What are the 4 principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics?

A

Respect, responsible caring, integrity and responsibility to society

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57
Q

The Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) outlines three core principles: respect for ______, concern for ______, and ______.

A

Persons; welfare; justice.

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58
Q

Decisions must be based on all relevant ______ and should not be pressured.

A

Information

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59
Q

If a person does not have ______ to make a decision, a substitute decision-maker should be involved.

A

Capacity

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60
Q

Even if a person lacks capacity, they should be included in the decision-making process to the fullest ______ possible.

A

extent

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61
Q

If ______ is used in a study, it must be disclosed at the earliest possible opportunity during the debriefing process.

A

deception

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62
Q

Processing speed refers to the amount of time it takes to analyze information from the senses, formulate decisions, and prepare a __________.

A

response

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63
Q

The __________ hypothesis proposes that the loss of speed in the nervous system is the main cause of poorer information processing.

A

general slowing

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64
Q

Sustained attention refers to fixing attention for an __________ period of time.

A

extended

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65
Q

__________ memory is well-preserved in older adulthood and involves learning new sequences, though this process may take longer.

A

Procedural

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66
Q

__________ theory suggests that older adults recruit alternative neural circuits to make up for losses suffered elsewhere in the brain.

A

Scaffolding

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67
Q

The age-complexity hypothesis states that age differences increase as tasks become more __________.

A

complex

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68
Q

Older adults perform __________ than younger adults on lab-based sustained attention tasks.

A

worse

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69
Q

Semantic memory begins to decline slowly at age __________.

A

65

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70
Q

Inhibitory control __________ with age.

A

declines

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71
Q

Older adults show __________ accuracy on source memory tasks compared to younger adults.

A

reduced

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72
Q

True or False: Dividing attention leads to worse performance on all tasks at any age, but older adults perform better than younger adults when task demands increase.

A

Answer: False — performance is compromised as task demands increase for older adults.

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73
Q

True or False: Autobiographical memory is characterized by a reminiscence bump, where people recall more memories from ages 10-30 later in life.

A

true

74
Q

True or False: Cognitive reserve factors, such as multilingualism and university education, help reduce cognitive decline.

A

true

75
Q

True or False: Procedural memory and semantic memory both show rapid decline starting at age 50.

A

False — semantic memory begins to decline slowly at age 65, and procedural memory is well-preserved

76
Q

True or False: Executive functioning, which involves planning and decision-making, can be maintained through activities like exercise, social games, and video games.

A

true

77
Q

Divided attention refers to the ability to coordinate information from __________ sources.

A

multiple

78
Q

Visual search tasks involve locating a specific target among a set of __________.

A

distractors

79
Q

The __________ Test is a well-known example of inhibitory control, requiring participants to read color names aloud while ignoring the color seen.

A

stroop

80
Q

Working memory keeps information temporarily available and active in __________.

A

consciousness

81
Q

The __________ Network is a brain circuit active during rest and includes the hippocampus, parts of the prefrontal cortex, and the parietal and temporal lobes.

A

default

82
Q

The __________ bump is the tendency to recall disproportionately more memories from ages 10-30 later in life.

A

reminiscence

83
Q

__________ memory, which involves remembering events that did not occur, is more likely in older adults when source memory is compromised.

A

false

84
Q

The best ways to support memory include regulating your attentional system, eating fish or vegetables, and maintaining the __________ system that supports the brain.

A

vascular

85
Q

Factors like multilingualism and university education contribute to __________ reserve, which helps lessen cognitive decline.

A

cognitive

86
Q

Executive functioning involves higher-order skills needed to make __________, plan, and allocate mental resources to tasks.

A

decisions

87
Q

True or False: Attentional switching, the ability to shift focus as demanded by a situation, improves with age.

A

False — it declines with age

88
Q

True or False: Sustained attention can be improved for older adults through practice and task predictability.

A

true

89
Q

T/F Younger and older adults show equal performance on conjunction visual search tasks, regardless of task difficulty.

A

False — older adults perform worse as task demands increase.

90
Q

T/F Semantic memory increases from ages 35-55, then levels off before beginning to decline slowly at age 65.

A

True

91
Q

T/F Prospective memory tasks that are time-based are harder for older adults, but this difficulty is less apparent in naturalistic settings.

A

true

92
Q

T/F Scaffolding theory explains that older adults use alternative neural circuits to compensate for age-related brain changes.

A

true

93
Q

__________ attention refers to focusing on a portion of an experience while ignoring other features of that experience.

A

Selective

94
Q

As tasks become more complex, the __________ hypothesis suggests that older adults’ processing resources are stretched, leading to greater age differences in performance.

A

age-complexity

95
Q

__________ memory is the ability to recall events from one’s life and shows a retention function that preserves memories from the last 20-30 years.

A

Autobiographical

96
Q

The __________ theory explains how older adults use alternative neural circuits to compensate for brain function losses in working memory tasks.

A

Scaffolding

97
Q

__________ memory, which includes skills like riding a bike or typing, remains well-preserved in older adults.

A

Procedural

98
Q

False memory is more likely to occur when __________ memory, the ability to remember where or how information was acquired, is compromised.

A

source

99
Q

The __________ hypothesis proposes that the slowing of the nervous system is the main cause of poorer information processing with age.

A

general slowing

100
Q

__________ memory refers to temporarily holding and manipulating information and declines most noticeably after young adulthood.

A

working

101
Q

Older adults perform worse on __________ memory tasks that require recalling specific events, compared to tasks that involve recognizing previously learned information.

A

episodic

102
Q

True or False: Divided attention improves in older adults when tasks become more complex.

A

False — it declines as task demands increase.

103
Q

True or False: Sustained attention, or the ability to maintain focus for an extended period, tends to decline in older adulthood.

A

true

104
Q

True or False: Semantic memory begins to decline sharply after age 55.

A

False — it starts to decline slowly at age 65.

105
Q

True or False: The default network in the brain becomes more active during working memory tasks in older adults.

A

False — it shows decreased activation during working memory tasks.

106
Q

True or False: Procedural memory declines significantly in older adulthood, particularly for learning new sequences.

A

False — it is well-preserved, though learning new sequences may take longer.

107
Q

True or False: Older adults are generally less accurate than younger adults on tasks involving time-based prospective memory.

A

true

108
Q

True or False: The reminiscence bump refers to the tendency to recall more memories from ages 10-30 later in life.

A

true

109
Q

Autobiographical memory for medical information tends to be better preserved than memory for foods consumed.

A

true

110
Q

True or False: Executive functioning, which involves decision-making and planning, shows evidence of decline with age.

A

true

111
Q

True or False: Playing video games can improve attentional capacities and reaction times in older adults.

A

true

112
Q

According to Lewis Thurstone’s theory of intelligence, one of the seven primary mental abilities is ____________, which refers to the ability to think flexibly and draw inferences in novel situations.

A

Fluid Intelligence

113
Q

True or False:
Crystallized intelligence improves steadily from the teenage years to the early 60s, while fluid intelligence declines steadily from the teenage years to the early 60s.

A

true

114
Q

In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, performance on tests of ____________ intelligence improves steadily from the teenage years to the early 60s, while performance on tests of ____________ intelligence declines steadily.

A

Crystallized, Fluid

115
Q

True or False:
In Piaget’s theory, the Preoperational Period (ages 2-6) is characterized by children relying on concrete operations such as addition and subtraction.

A

Answer: False

116
Q

Postformal thought is characterized by a recognition that truth is not absolute and that solutions must be ____________, with emotion and subjective factors intertwined with thinking.

A

Realistic

117
Q

In the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, wisdom includes a rich base of factual knowledge, but it does not emphasize life-span contextualism or value relativism.

A

false

118
Q

What do absolutists believe in terms of problem-solving?

A

Absolutists believe there is only one correct solution to a problem.

119
Q

Relativists view problems as having how many sides?

A

Relativists believe there are many sides to an issue, and the right answer depends on the circumstances.

120
Q

What is characteristic of dialectical thinkers?

A

Dialectical thinkers see merits in different viewpoints and can synthesize them into a workable solution.

121
Q

What cognitive milestone is associated with the formal operations period in Piaget’s theory?

A

The cognitive milestone of the formal operations period is the ability for abstract reasoning and hypothetical-deductive thinking.

122
Q

In Piaget’s theory, what is assimilation?

A

Assimilation is the use of currently available information to make sense of incoming information—”adding to your repertoire.”

123
Q

What does accommodation mean in Piaget’s theory?

A

Accommodation is changing one’s thought to make a better approximation of the world of experience—”learning to think differently about it.

124
Q

In Piaget’s sensorimotor period (0-2 years), what is cognition primarily reliant on?

A

Cognition in the sensorimotor period is reliant on sensory perception and motor processes.

125
Q

What do children in the preoperational period (2-6 years) use for understanding the world?

A

In the pre-operational period, children use foundational symbols like words and numbers but are still “tricked” by conservation tasks.

126
Q

During the concrete operations period (6-11 years), what mathematical skills do children develop?

A

Children in the concrete operations period can perform symbolic mathematical operations (add, subtract, multiply) with concrete objects and later internalize them to become more abstract

127
Q

What reasoning abilities emerge during the formal operations period (age 12+)?

A

abstract reasoning, generate hypotheses, test them, and make inferences based on past observations.

128
Q

Personality traits that are consistent across different contexts are known as ________.

A

dispositional traits

129
Q

The Five-Factor Model of Personality organizes traits into five dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and ________.

A

neuroticism

130
Q

One of the facets of Openness to Experience includes being open to differences in ________.

A

values

131
Q

A conscientious person is likely to show the ________ trait, which refers to being thorough and diligent in work.

A

scrupulous

132
Q

Extraversion is divided into two groups of traits: interpersonal traits and ________ traits.

A

temperamental

133
Q

Agreeableness is the opposite of ________.

A

antagonism

134
Q

Longitudinal studies show that as people age, ________ increases, while neuroticism decreases.

A

conscientiousness/agreeableness

135
Q

The Correspondence Principle suggests that personality affects life events, and these events, in turn, affect ________.

A

personality

136
Q

Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development begin with ________ versus mistrust.

A

trust

137
Q

In Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation, the main question is: “What can I contribute to ________?

A

the lives of others

138
Q

According to Logan, Erikson’s eight stages represent a ________ that repeats throughout life.

A

cycle

139
Q

Kotre argues that generativity consists of five types, including biological and parental, technical, and ________.

A

cultural

140
Q

The Adult Attachment Theory states that older adults are less likely to experience ________ attachment.

A

anxious

141
Q

In Possible Selves Theory, people strive for their hoped-for selves while attempting to avoid their ________ selves.

A

feared

142
Q

McAdams’s Life-story Model suggests that a coherent life story reconciles opposite aspects of oneself and integrates these within one’s ________.

A

sociocultural context

143
Q

According to McAdams, middle-aged adults often incorporate themes of ________ and redemption into their life narratives.

A

struggle

144
Q

Culture exerts the strongest impact on the ________ and timing of characteristic adaptations.

A

content

145
Q

The concept of ________ correction refers to reevaluating one’s roles and goals to make necessary changes in mid-life.

A

midlife

146
Q

T/F The Big Five traits show no stability and change significantly across a person’s lifespan.

A

false

147
Q

t/f Erikson was the first theorist to propose a lifespan approach to personality development.

A

true

148
Q

t/f According to Van Geert, one rule of development is that outward orientation gradually replaces inward orientation.

A

false

149
Q

t/f Generativity refers solely to parental contributions and has no connection to cultural or communal aspects.

A

false

150
Q

t/f Research strongly supports the idea that most people experience a dramatic midlife crisis during middle age.

A

false

151
Q

t/f McAdams’s Life-story Model emphasizes that life narratives become more coherent as people age.

A

true

152
Q

t/f The phrase “having vs. doing” refers to the difference between dispositional traits and characteristic adaptations.

A

true

153
Q

t/f Possible selves are the motivational views of oneself that do not change across the lifespan.

A

false

154
Q

True or False: Agreeableness is defined by traits such as being skeptical, mistrustful, and callous.

A

False. Those traits describe antagonism, which is the opposite of agreeableness.

155
Q

Fill in the blank: Don Hamachek described Erikson’s stages as a _________ of possibilities, where few people exclusively belong to one stage.

A

continuum

156
Q

Fill in the blank: According to Hogan, personality traits like “getting along” and “getting ahead” reflect dimensions that are _________ determined.

A

evolutionairy

157
Q

True or False: Emotion-focused coping involves attempting to change the situation itself.

A

False. Emotion-focused coping involves changing how one appraises the situation, not the situation itself.

158
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven essential features of a life story in McAdams’s model?
a) Narrative tone
b) Nuclear episodes
c) Cultural traditions
d) Ideological setting

A

c) Cultural traditions

159
Q

True or False: Life transition theories accurately represent the common experiences of individuals at specific ages.

A

False. These theories often overestimate the commonalities of experiences at particular ages.

160
Q

Fill in the blank: Culture has a _______ influence on life stories but a _______ effect on the phenotypic expression of traits.

A

profound; modest

161
Q

True or False: Older adults tend to have fewer attachment figures but from a broader variety of areas.

A

True.

162
Q
A
163
Q

What is mental health?

A

Self-perceived emotional, mental, and social wellbeing

164
Q

what is Psychiatric disorder?

A

A set of symptoms that persist over a long period of time and are disruptive to their work/school life, personal life, and/or intrapersonal well-being.

165
Q

What is the DSM-V?

A

diagnostic manual used by mental health providers with diagnostic privileges
Includes diagnostic criteria for major forms of psychological disorder

166
Q

In terms of substance abuse and depression who is affected more: Older adults or 15 - 24 yrs.

A

Older adults have lower rates of mental illness & substance abuse

167
Q

What is lifetime prevalence?

A

proportion of a population that at some point in their life have experienced the disorder

168
Q

If at any point a person has experienced financial crisis how much does the risk of mental illness go up by?

A

3x

169
Q

If at any point a person has experienced illness/injury/seperation … how much does the risk of mental illness go up by?

A

2 (doubles)

170
Q

What is mdd

A

Extremely sad mood lasting 2 weeks. Problems: appetite, sleep, attention, sense of self and guilt

171
Q

What is caregivers out of isolation in regards to depression?

A

Decrease the prevalence of risk factors (anxiety depression and isolation)

172
Q

Why is depression in older adults not as easily diagnosed?

A

older adults only show mild symptoms, physicians don’t spend enough time with them

173
Q

what are the medical conditions associated with psych disorders in older adults?

A

metabolic syndrome, hypertension and impairments in cognitive functioning

174
Q

Where rating is suicide for cause of death in canada?

A

9th

175
Q

What age are ppl more likely to commit?

A

45-49 OR 50-54

176
Q

What is Bipolar disorder in older adults?

A

One or more manic episodes May or may not have depressive episode

177
Q

What do anxiety disorders look like in older adults?

A

Go to great lengths to avoid anxiety-provoking situations

178
Q

Are Older adults at particular risk for abuse of prescription drugs?

A

yes

179
Q

What are the risks of alcohol dependance in older adults?

A

diabetes, high blood pressure, heart failure, osteoporosis and mood disorders

180
Q

What should be accounted for when assessing older adults?

A

sensory, motor, and cognitive limitations

181
Q

What does an assessment for mental illness in older adults?

A

Mental exam, clinical interview, symptom measure and functional abilities

182
Q
A

Usask year 4 (8 decks)

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