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Financial Accounting 12 Chapter 1 Discussion Q's > PSYCH EXAM 6 > Flashcards

PSYCH EXAM 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are states of consciousness?

A

Level of awareness for our external surroundings and internal states

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2
Q

What are contents of consciousness

A

specific thoughts we are aware of about our internal states or
external surroundings

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3
Q

What is a stream of consciousness?

A

a continuing flow of changing thoughts (William James, 1890)

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4
Q

What are some altered States of consciousness?

A

*Being asleep
* Having a dream
* Hypnosis
* Meditation
* Anesthesia
* Psychoactive drugs

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5
Q

What is Inattention blindness

A

When you aren’t paying attention to something visual, you are unable to report on the details of what the visual stimuli contain

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6
Q

What role does reticular formation play regarding being consciously aware?

A

It’s role is to be awake to be able to be conscious

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7
Q

What role do the thalamus and hypothalamus play in being consciously aware?

A

Its role is to have information processed by having signals from reticular formation go to and through the thalamus and hypothalamus

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8
Q

What role does the cerebral cortex play in being consciously aware?

A

Important for the “awareness” aspect of consciousness

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9
Q

If reticular formation got damaged how would it impact conscious awareness

A

It would cause loss of consciousness

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10
Q

If hypothalamus got damaged how would it impact conscious awareness

A

It would cause disturbances of wakefulness

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11
Q

If Thalamus got damaged how would it impact conscious awareness

A

It would cause lack of conscious awareness

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12
Q

If cerebral cortex got damaged how would it impact conscious awareness

A

It would cause a lack of awareness via Weiskrantz “blindsight” studies

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13
Q

When does conscious awareness start to develop

A

Conscious awareness of self seems to develop around 18
months

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14
Q

When does full conscious awareness develop

A

Full conscious awareness develops at around 22 months

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15
Q

What is preconsciousness?

A

Level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary (e.g. What did you do last weekend)

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16
Q

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

It coordinates bodily rhythms and directs the production of melatonin by the pineal gland.

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17
Q

Define circadian rhythm.

A

The biological clock regulating sleep-wake cycles, roughly corresponding to daylight and night.

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18
Q

What is the restoration theory of sleep?

A

A theory proposing that sleep restores the brain and body.

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19
Q

What is the adaptive theory of sleep?

A

A theory suggesting organisms sleep to avoid predators and enhance survival.

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20
Q

According to Freud, what role does the unconscious mind play?

A

It contains significant information and guides behavior in various ways.

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21
Q

What is unconscious decision-making?

A

Decision-making processes that occur without conscious thought, often during snap decisions.

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22
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Knowledge that we have stored in memory that we are not typically aware of or able to recall at will

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23
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Involves pieces of knowledge that we are fully aware of

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24
Q

What is an unconscious state?

A

A state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness (e.g. What did you eat last weekend?)

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25
Q

What are automatic behaviours

A

A type of preconscious behaviour (e.g. Do you remember every step each time you brushed your teeth last week)

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26
Q

How does artificial light affect sleep?

A

It disrupts the circadian rhythm by altering dopamine and melatonin production.

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27
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

Stage 1: Transition to sleep with alpha and theta waves.
Stage 2: Deeper relaxation with sleep spindles.
Stage 3: Deep sleep with delta waves (20%-50%).
Stage 4: Deepest sleep; heart rate and breathing are at their lowest.
REM Sleep: Dreaming with rapid eye movements and irregular brain activity.

28
Q

What is the hypnagogic state?

A

The pre-sleep period characterized by alpha waves, hallucinations, and myoclonic jerks.

29
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

A sleep stage associated with dreaming, rapid brain wave patterns, increased heart rate, and irregular breathing.

30
Q

What is the information processing theory of dreaming?

A

Dreams help process daily information, encode memories, and solve problems.

31
Q

What is the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?

A

Dreams result from the brain’s effort to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

32
Q

What is Freudian dream theory?

A

Dreams represent the expression of unconscious wishes or desires, though this theory lacks strong evidence.

33
Q

What are nightmares?

A

They are dreams filled with intense anxiety

33
Q

What is Nightmare or dream disorder anxiety

A

They are frequent or distressing nightmares

34
Q

What are lucid dreams?

A

Where the sleeper fully recognizes that they are
dreaming and occasionally actively guides the outcome of the
dream

35
Q

What are daydreams?

A

They are fantasies that occur while one is awake and aware
of external reality, but is not fully conscious

36
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep, often caused by stress or medical conditions.

37
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

A disorder where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep, leading to frequent awakenings.

38
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Sudden, uncontrollable episodes of REM sleep during the day.

39
Q

Define delayed sleep phase syndrome.

A

A condition causing a long delay in the ability to fall asleep.

40
Q

What is restless leg syndrome?

A

A strong urge to move the legs before sleep.

41
Q

What are night terrors?

A

Episodes of screaming and panic during deep sleep, usually resolving by adolescence.

42
Q

What is REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

Acting out dreams while still asleep.

43
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

An altered state of consciousness with heightened suggestibility, relaxation, and focus.

43
Q

What is Advanced sleep phase syndrome?

A

When they Fall asleep between 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. and wake between 2 a.m. and 5 a.m.

44
Q

What are Periodic limb movements of sleep

A

They are Strong urge to move legs during sleep

45
Q

When does sleepwalking occur?

A

Mostly occurs during first three hours of sleep
* Eventually returns to bed
* Inherited

46
Q

What is posthypnotic amnesia?

A

The inability to recall events that occurred during hypnosis.

47
Q

What is the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis?

A

Hypnosis splits awareness into two parts:

-One part responds to the hypnotist’s suggestion.

-The other part continues to process pain information, but at a less conscious level.

48
Q

What is the Social/Cognitive Process Theory of hypnosis?

A

This theory suggests that:

-The participant is highly motivated to believe in hypnosis.

-Without awareness, the participant works hard to ignore the pain.

49
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Chemicals that affect awareness, sensation, perception, mood, or behavior.

50
Q

Define tolerance in drug use.

A

The need to take higher doses to achieve the same effect due to regular drug use.

51
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms?

A

Unpleasant effects from reducing or stopping drug intake after dependency.

52
Q

What are depressants?

A

Drugs that slow central nervous system activity, such as alcohol and sedatives.

53
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Drugs that increase central nervous system activity, such as caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine.

54
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

Drugs that cause sensory or perceptual distortions, including LSD and cannabis.

54
Q

What is addiction?

A

A psychological or physical compulsion to take
a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to
maladaptive patterns of behaviour and changes in physical
response

55
Q

What are sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines)?

A

It produces relaxation and drowsiness; relieves anxiety

56
Q

Where are opioids derived?

A

They are derived from the sap of the opium poppy

57
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

Increases energy and alertness
* Produces euphoric feelings of well-being
* Negatively impacts memory, attention, and decision making ability

58
Q

What does amphetamines do?

A

Small doses increase energy and alertness and reduce
appetite
* Large doses produces intoxication and psychosis
* Includes methamphetamine (crystal meth) and MDMA
(ecstasy), Adderall, and others

59
Q

What does hallucinogens do?

A

Produces sensory or perceptual distortions
called hallucinations.

60
Q

What are LSD’s?

A

Dramatically strengthens visual perceptions (including
illusions and hallucinations) along with profound
psychological and physical changes

61
Q

What does Cannabis do?

A

Produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and
stimulant effects

62
Q

What do Psychoactive drugs activate?

A

A reward learning pathway, or “pleasure pathway,” in the brain.

63
Q

What is the Reward-deficiency syndrome?

A

People might abuse drugs because usual life events do not readily activate their reward centres.

Financial Accounting 12 Chapter 1 Discussion Q's (24 decks)

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