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Financial Accounting 12 Chapter 1 Discussion Q's > PSYCH EXAM 11 > Flashcards

PSYCH EXAM 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

A

Motivation is any internal process or condition that directs behavior.

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2
Q

What is a motive?

A

A need or desire that drives behavior.

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3
Q

What is emotion?

A

An intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event.

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4
Q

What is the instinct theory of motivation?

A

Behavior that is motivated by biological instincts that are inborn and activated by environmental stimuli.

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5
Q

What is the drive reduction theory of motivation?

A

Behavior is motivated by biological needs to maintain balance or homeostasis, driven by arousal created by unmet needs.

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6
Q

What is arousal theory?

A

Behavior is motivated by the need to achieve optimal levels of arousal, with some activities increasing and others decreasing arousal.

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7
Q

What is incentive theory?

A

Behavior is motivated by internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) incentives or rewards.

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8
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

A theory proposing that basic survival needs must be satisfied before addressing higher-level needs like belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

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9
Q

What is Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A

It proposes that ideal performance on tasks occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task

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10
Q

What is Intrinsic motivation?

A

Engaging in behavior for internal satisfaction.

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11
Q

What is Extrinsic motivation?

A

Engaging in behavior for external rewards. (grades, money, recognition)

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12
Q

What are some primary incentives?

A

Some primary incentives include rewards (food), or punishments (pain) that are innate

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13
Q

What is a Secondary incentive

A

Cues that are viewed as rewarding result from learning about their association with other events.

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14
Q

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological needs: Food, water, sex.
Safety needs: Feeling safe and secure.
Belongingness and love needs: Close relationships.
Esteem needs: Feeling good about oneself.
Self-actualization: Achieving one’s full potential.

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15
Q

What motivates thirst?

A

Maintaining body water volume and ion balance, as our bodies are 60% water.

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16
Q

What are cues for hunger and satiety?

A

Hunger: Signals from the lateral hypothalamus (LH), blood glucose, lipids, and leptin.
Satiety: Signals from the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH).

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17
Q

What happens when the hypothalamus is dysfunctional?

A

Disorders such as Prader-Willi syndrome lead to an unstoppable appetite.

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18
Q

What are the causes of obesity?

A

Genetics, Environmental/Social: Portion sizes, socioeconomic status, and social eating, Psychological: Poor self-regulation.

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18
Q

What is the body weight set point?

A

The weight individuals naturally return to, even after dieting or overeating.

19
Q

What are the characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A

Extreme dieting, distorted body image, preoccupation with weight, and possible fatality (10% of cases).

20
Q

What are the characteristics of bulimia nervosa?

A

Binge-eating followed by purging through vomiting, laxatives, or excessive exercise, often linked to anxiety and depression.

21
Q

What are the characteristics of binge eating disorder?

A

Out-of-control eating episodes, often accompanied by psychological distress and self-loathing.

22
Q

What factors influence mate selection?

A

Physical traits (e.g., symmetry) and behavioral traits associated with reproductive fitness.

23
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

A combination of sexual behavior, identity, attraction, and arousal influenced by biological and environmental factors.

24
Q

What is unconscious motivation?

A

Motivation we are unaware of but that influences behavior.

25
Q

What is the hedonic principle?

A

The idea that people avoid pain and seek pleasure.

26
Q

What is loss aversion?

A

A stronger motivation to avoid losses than to achieve gains, even if the value is equal.

27
Q

What is Conscious motivation?

A

Motivations that people are aware of and can verbalize

28
Q

What is Avoidance motivation?

A

The desire to avoid the experience of a negative outcome following a behaviour

29
Q

What is Approach motivation?

A

The desire to experience a positive outcome following a behaviour

30
Q

What is Amotivation?

A

The state of being without motivation

31
Q

What is Affiliation?

A

The need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance, and protection

32
Q

What is self-determination theory?

A

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy give life meaning and motivate behavior.

33
Q

What are the four components of emotion?

A

Physiological changes (e.g., heart rate).
Cognitive appraisal.
Physical/behavioral expression (e.g., smiling).
Emotional/behavioral regulation.

34
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

Emotions arise from physiological changes.

35
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.

36
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory?

A

Emotions depend on physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.

37
Q

What is the facial-feedback theory?

A

Facial expressions influence emotional experiences.

38
Q

What are the functions of emotion?

A

Cognitive: Organizing memories, guiding decisions.
Behavioral: Triggering adaptive actions.
Social: Enhancing relationships and empathy.

39
Q

What is the Cognitive-mediational theory?

A

They are cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events that are the keys to emotional experiences. Richard Lazarus developed them.

40
Q

What methods are used to measure emotion?

A

Behavioral observation.
Self-reports.
Psychophysiological reactions (e.g., fMRI).

41
Q

What is Evolutionary theory?

A

It proposes that emotions are innate, passed through generations because they are necessary for survival

42
Q

What are Basic emotions?

A

A group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture

43
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

The study of positive traits, virtues, and emotions to enrich life.

43
Q

What are characteristics of happy people?

A

Optimistic, outgoing, with high self-esteem, spiritual practices, and goal-oriented behavior.

Financial Accounting 12 Chapter 1 Discussion Q's (24 decks)

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