PSYCH EXAM 11 Flashcards
What is motivation?
Motivation is any internal process or condition that directs behavior.
What is a motive?
A need or desire that drives behavior.
What is emotion?
An intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event.
What is the instinct theory of motivation?
Behavior that is motivated by biological instincts that are inborn and activated by environmental stimuli.
What is the drive reduction theory of motivation?
Behavior is motivated by biological needs to maintain balance or homeostasis, driven by arousal created by unmet needs.
What is arousal theory?
Behavior is motivated by the need to achieve optimal levels of arousal, with some activities increasing and others decreasing arousal.
What is incentive theory?
Behavior is motivated by internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) incentives or rewards.
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A theory proposing that basic survival needs must be satisfied before addressing higher-level needs like belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.
What is Yerkes-Dodson Law?
It proposes that ideal performance on tasks occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task
What is Intrinsic motivation?
Engaging in behavior for internal satisfaction.
What is Extrinsic motivation?
Engaging in behavior for external rewards. (grades, money, recognition)
What are some primary incentives?
Some primary incentives include rewards (food), or punishments (pain) that are innate
What is a Secondary incentive
Cues that are viewed as rewarding result from learning about their association with other events.
What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological needs: Food, water, sex.
Safety needs: Feeling safe and secure.
Belongingness and love needs: Close relationships.
Esteem needs: Feeling good about oneself.
Self-actualization: Achieving one’s full potential.
What motivates thirst?
Maintaining body water volume and ion balance, as our bodies are 60% water.
What are cues for hunger and satiety?
Hunger: Signals from the lateral hypothalamus (LH), blood glucose, lipids, and leptin.
Satiety: Signals from the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH).
What happens when the hypothalamus is dysfunctional?
Disorders such as Prader-Willi syndrome lead to an unstoppable appetite.
What are the causes of obesity?
Genetics, Environmental/Social: Portion sizes, socioeconomic status, and social eating, Psychological: Poor self-regulation.
What is the body weight set point?
The weight individuals naturally return to, even after dieting or overeating.
What are the characteristics of anorexia nervosa?
Extreme dieting, distorted body image, preoccupation with weight, and possible fatality (10% of cases).
What are the characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
Binge-eating followed by purging through vomiting, laxatives, or excessive exercise, often linked to anxiety and depression.
What are the characteristics of binge eating disorder?
Out-of-control eating episodes, often accompanied by psychological distress and self-loathing.
What factors influence mate selection?
Physical traits (e.g., symmetry) and behavioral traits associated with reproductive fitness.
What is sexual orientation?
A combination of sexual behavior, identity, attraction, and arousal influenced by biological and environmental factors.
What is unconscious motivation?
Motivation we are unaware of but that influences behavior.
What is the hedonic principle?
The idea that people avoid pain and seek pleasure.
What is loss aversion?
A stronger motivation to avoid losses than to achieve gains, even if the value is equal.
What is Conscious motivation?
Motivations that people are aware of and can verbalize
What is Avoidance motivation?
The desire to avoid the experience of a negative outcome following a behaviour
What is Approach motivation?
The desire to experience a positive outcome following a behaviour
What is Amotivation?
The state of being without motivation
What is Affiliation?
The need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance, and protection
What is self-determination theory?
Competence, relatedness, and autonomy give life meaning and motivate behavior.
What are the four components of emotion?
Physiological changes (e.g., heart rate).
Cognitive appraisal.
Physical/behavioral expression (e.g., smiling).
Emotional/behavioral regulation.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Emotions arise from physiological changes.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
What is the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory?
Emotions depend on physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
What is the facial-feedback theory?
Facial expressions influence emotional experiences.
What are the functions of emotion?
Cognitive: Organizing memories, guiding decisions.
Behavioral: Triggering adaptive actions.
Social: Enhancing relationships and empathy.
What is the Cognitive-mediational theory?
They are cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events that are the keys to emotional experiences. Richard Lazarus developed them.
What methods are used to measure emotion?
Behavioral observation.
Self-reports.
Psychophysiological reactions (e.g., fMRI).
What is Evolutionary theory?
It proposes that emotions are innate, passed through generations because they are necessary for survival
What are Basic emotions?
A group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture
What is positive psychology?
The study of positive traits, virtues, and emotions to enrich life.
What are characteristics of happy people?
Optimistic, outgoing, with high self-esteem, spiritual practices, and goal-oriented behavior.
